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Consider a pump that is installed to supply water to a process. To function as required, the pump must supply water between 60 and 65 l/min. If the output from the pump deviates from this interval, the required function is terminated and a failure occurs. The failure will often occur due to a gradual degradation, as shown in Figure 2.4 .

Figure 2.4 Failure and fault of a degrading item.

A failure may occur in many different ways, and these are referred to as failure modes.