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An inertial system does for geometry…what a watch does for time.1

Charles Stark Draper (1901–1987)

Charles Stark Draper was the American pioneer in inertial navigation who founded the Instrumentation Laboratory at MIT in 1932 to develop aircraft instrumentation technologies. In his analogy previously quoted, watches keep track of time by being set to the correct time, then incrementing that time according to the inputs from a “time sensor” (a frequency source) to update that initial value.

An inertial navigation system (INS) does something similar, only with different variables – and it increments doubly. An INS needs to be set to the correct position and velocity. Thereafter, they use measured accelerations to increment that initial velocity, and use the resulting velocities to increment position.