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Suru Conjugations

The conjugation pattern below can be applied to all other compound-suru verbs. Let's examine the pattern using the verb setsumei-suru. For further clarification of the nuances of each suru conjugation, please refer to the sample sentences following the definitions. In most cases, the corresponding negative forms are included. The conjugations in parenthesis are polite forms of the verb.

setsumei-suru 説明する setsumei (explanation) + suru (to do)

• to explain

su +ru

(a) Denotes the plain, sentence-ending form of the verb.

Sensei wa sono riyū o seito ni setsumei-suru (-shimasu or -itashimasu).

The teacher explains the reason to the student.

(b) Denotes the continuation of a sentence or linkage with nouns, pronouns, or other classes of words.

Sono riyū o seito ni setsumei-suru hito wa sensei desu.

The person who explains the reason to the student is the teacher.

(c) Denotes probability, possibility, uncertainty, or doubt by adding darō, corresponding to "should" or "would" in English.

Sensei wa sono riyū o seito ni setsumei-suru darō.

The teacher should explain the reason to the student.

shi + nai

Denotes negation, conveying the idea of denying something or saying no.

Sensei wa sono riyū o seito ni setsumei-shinai (-shimasen).

The teacher does not explain the reason to the student.

shi + ta

Denotes an action or state that is completed at, or during, a definite period of time in the past; the past tense. The negative form is setsumei-shinakatta (-shimasen deshita).

Sensei wa sono riyū o setsumei-shita (-shimashita).

The teacher explained the reason to the student.

sa + seru

Denotes causation, conveying the idea of letting or making someone do something. The negative form is setsumei-sasenai (-sasemasen).

Sensei wa seito ni sono riyū o setsumei-saseru (-sasemasu).

The teacher lets a student explain the reason.

sa + reru

(a) Denotes the passive voice, conveying the idea of receiving an action or of an action being done by someone or something. The negative form is setsume-sarenai (-saremasen).

Sono riyū wa seito ni yori setsumei-sareru (-saremasu).

The reason is explained by the student.

(b) Denotes respect for the person about whom something is said, resulting in a polite expression.

Sensei wa seito ni sono riyū o setsumei-sareru (-saremasu).

The teacher explains the reason to the student.

shi + te

(a) Denotes present participle (-ing), forming the progressive tense by adding iru. The negative form is setsumei-shite inai (-shite imasen).

Sensei wa sono riyū o seito ni setsumei-shite iru (-shite imasu or -shite orimasu).

The teacher is explaining the reason to the student.

(b) Denotes present participle construction, corresponding to a clause.

Sensei wa sono riyū o seito ni setsumei-shite, shorui o watashita.

Explaining the reason to the student, the teacher handed the document to him.

(c) Denotes a request or polite command when combined with the fixed form of kudasai. The negative form is setsumei-shinaide kudasai.

Sono riyū o setsumei-shite kudasai.

Please explain the reason.

shi + tai

Denotes a wish or desire, conveying the idea of wanting to do something. The negative form is setsumei-shitakunai (-shitaku arimasen).

Sensei wa sono riyū o seito ni setsumei-shitai (-shitai desu).

The teacher wants to explain the reason to the student.

shi + nagara

Denotes the idea of doing two (or more) things simultaneously, as in “during the time that," "at the same time," or "while."

Sensei wa sono riyū o seito ni setsumei-shinagara, kokuban ni e o kaku (kakimasu).

The teacher draws a picture on the blackboard while he explains the reason to the student.

su + re

Denotes supposition or condition in conjunction with the particle ba, often with moshi placed at the beginning of a sentence, corresponding to the "if" clause in English. The negative form is setsumei-shinakereba.

Moshi sensei ga sono riyū o seito ni setsumei-sureba, mondai wa okoranai darō.

There will be no problem if the teacher explains the reason to the student.

se + yo

Denotes the imperative mood, conveying the idea of ordering someone to do something; interchangeable with shi + ro, which is often used in spoken Japanese. The negative form is setsumei-suruna (-shinaide kudasai).

Sono riyū o setsumei-seyo (-shiro).

Explain the reason.

*Note that this is a real command form and should not be used in normal conversations. If you want to ask someone to do something, always use the shi + te form plus kudasai.

dekiru

Denotes the potential form of suru; namely, the ability to do something. The negative form is setsumei-dekinai (-dekimasen).

* Although dekiru is used more often as a stand-alone verb, compounds with dekiru are hyphenated in this book to indicate its usage as the potential form of suru.

Sensei wa sono riyū o seito ni setsumei-dekiru (-dekimasu).

The teacher can explain the reason to the student.