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Contributors

Section I: Spine

1. Cervical

Christ Ordookhanian and Paul E. Kaloostian

1.1 Trauma

1.1.1 Anterior Cervical Fusion/Posterior Cervical Fusion

1.2 Elective

1.2.1 Anterior Cervical Fusion/Posterior Cervical Fusion

1.2.2 Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy/Posterior Cervical Decompression

1.3 Tumor/Vascular

1.3.1 Cervical Tumor Resection (Vertebral Pathology)

1.3.2 Cervical Vascular Lesion Treatment for Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) (Vertebral Pathology)

1.3.3 Cervical Anterior and Posterior Techniques for Tumor Resection (Spinal Canal Pathology)

2 Thoracic

Christ Ordookhanian and Paul E. Kaloostian

2.1 Trauma

2.1.1 Thoracic Decompression/Thoracic Fusion

2.1.2 Thoracic Corpectomy and Fusion

2.1.3 Transthoracic Approaches for Decompression and Fusion/Transsternal Approaches for Decompression and Fusion

2.2 Elective

2.2.1 Thoracic Decompression/Thoracic Fusion

2.2.2 Thoracic Corpectomy and Fusion

2.2.3 Transthoracic Approaches for Decompression and Fusion/Transsternal Approaches for Decompression and Fusion

2.3 Tumor/Vascular

2.3.1 Anterior and Posterior Approaches for Thoracic Tumor Resection (Vertebral Pathology)

2.3.2 Thoracic Anterior and Posterior Approaches for Vascular Lesion Resection (Vertebral Pathology)

2.3.3 Thoracic Anterior and Posterior Techniques for Tumor Resection (Spinal Canal Pathology)

3 Lumbar

Christ Ordookhanian and Paul E. Kaloostian

3.1 Trauma

3.1.1 Lumbar Decompression with Foraminotomy/Lumbar Diskectomy/Lumbar Fusion

3.2 Elective

3.2.1 Lumbar Laminectomy/Decompression/Lumbar Diskectomy/Lumbar Synovial Cyst Resection/Lumbar Fusion Posterior

3.2.2 Anterior Lumbar Fusion

3.2.3 Anterolateral Lumbar Fusion

3.3 Tumor/Vascular

3.3.1 Lumbar Posterior Techniques for Tumor Resection (Vertebral Tumor)

3.3.2 Lumbar Anterior and Posterior Techniques for Vascular Lesion Treatment (Vertebral)

3.3.3 Lumbar Anterior and Posterior Techniques for Tumor Resection (Spinal Canal Pathology)

4 Sacral

Christ Ordookhanian and Paul E. Kaloostian

4.1 Trauma

4.1.1 Sacral Fusion

4.1.2 Tarlov Cyst Treatment

4.2 Elective

4.2.1 Sacral Decompression

4.2.2 Sacral Fusion

4.3 Tumor/Vascular

4.3.1 Anterior/Posterior Sacral Tumor Resection

5 Coccyx

Christ Ordookhanian and Paul E. Kaloostian

5.1 Trauma

5.1.1 Coccyx Fracture Repair/Resection

5.2 Elective

5.2.1 Coccyx Resection

Section II: Radiosurgery/CyberKnife Treatment

6 Spinal Radiosurgery

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

6.1 Symptoms and Signs (Broad)

6.2 Surgical Pathology

6.3 Diagnostic Modalities

6.4 Differential Diagnosis

6.5 Treatment Options

6.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

6.7 Noninvasive CyberKnife Procedure for Posterior Spine

6.8 Pitfalls

6.9 Prognosis

7 Cranial Radiosurgery

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

7.1 Symptoms and Signs (Broad)

7.2 Surgical Pathology

7.3 Diagnostic Modalities

7.4 Differential Diagnosis

7.5 Treatment Options

7.6 Indications for Radiosurgical Intervention

7.7 Noninvasive CyberKnife Procedure for Cranium

7.8 Pitfalls

7.9 Prognosis

Section III: Cranial Lesion Resection (Brain Tumor, Vascular Lesions)

8 Brain Tumors

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

8.1 Meningioma Convexity/Olfactory Groove Meningioma

8.1.1 Symptoms and Signs

8.1.2 Surgical Pathology

8.1.3 Diagnostic Modalities

8.1.4 Differential Diagnosis

8.1.5 Treatment Options

8.1.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

8.1.7 Surgical Procedure for Bifrontal Craniotomy (Pre-op Embolization Can Be Done Prior to Surgery)

8.1.8 Pitfalls

8.1.9 Prognosis

8.2 Metastatic Tumor Resection

8.2.1 Symptoms and Signs (Broad)

8.2.2 Surgical Pathology

8.2.3 Diagnostic Modalities

8.2.4 Differential Diagnosis

8.2.5 Treatment Options

8.2.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

8.2.7 Surgical Procedure for Craniotomy

8.2.8 Pitfalls

8.2.9 Prognosis

8.3 Posterior Fossa Tumor Resection

8.3.1 Symptoms and Signs

8.3.2 Surgical Pathology

8.3.3 Diagnostic Modalities

8.3.4 Differential Diagnosis

8.3.5 Treatment Options

8.3.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

8.3.7 Surgical Procedure for Posterior Fossa Craniectomy

8.3.8 Pitfalls

8.3.9 Prognosis

8.4 Pituitary Tumor Resection

8.4.1 Symptoms and Signs

8.4.2 Surgical Pathology

8.4.3 Diagnostic Modalities

8.4.4 Differential Diagnosis

8.4.5 Treatment Options

8.4.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

8.4.7 Surgical Procedure for Transsphenoidal Endoscopic Pituitary

8.4.8 Pitfalls

8.4.9 Prognosis

8.5 Superficial Tumor Resection (Arising from Skull)

8.5.1 Symptoms and Signs (Broad)

8.5.2 Surgical Pathology

8.5.3 Diagnostic Modalities

8.5.4 Differential Diagnosis

8.5.5 Treatment Options

8.5.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

8.5.7 Surgical Procedure for Craniotomy

8.5.8 Pitfalls

8.5.9 Prognosis

8.6 Epidural Tumor Resection

8.6.1 Symptoms and Signs (Broad)

8.6.2 Surgical Pathology

8.6.3 Diagnostic Modalities

8.6.4 Differential Diagnosis

8.6.5 Treatment Options

8.6.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

8.6.7 Surgical Procedure for Retrosigmoid Craniotomy (Meningiomas or Vestibular Schwannomas)

8.6.8 Pitfalls

8.6.9 Prognosis

9 Cerebral Vascular Lesions

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

9.1 Cerebral Aneurysms/Cerebral AVM Resection/Cerebral Cavernous Angioma Resection

9.1.1 Symptoms and Signs

9.1.2 Surgical Pathology

9.1.3 Diagnostic Modalities

9.1.4 Differential Diagnosis

9.1.5 Treatment Options

9.1.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

9.1.7 Surgical Procedure for Microsurgical Resection (Vascular Lesions)

9.1.8 Embolization Procedure (Onyx)

9.1.9 Pitfalls

9.1.10 Prognosis

9.2 Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms/AVM

9.2.1 Symptoms and Signs

9.2.2 Surgical Pathology

9.2.3 Diagnostic Modalities

9.2.4 Differential Diagnosis

9.2.5 Treatment Options

9.2.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

9.2.7 Surgical Procedure for Endovascular Embolization (Coiling)

9.2.8 Pitfalls

9.2.9 Prognosis

Section IV: Cranial Trauma

10 Epidural Hematoma Evacuation/Subdural Hematoma Evacuation/Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

10.1 Symptoms and Signs

10.2 Surgical Pathology

10.3 Diagnostic Modalities

10.4 Differential Diagnosis

10.5 Treatment Options

10.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

10.7 Surgical Procedure for Subdural Hematoma/Epidural Hematoma/Intraparenchymal Hematoma Evacuation

10.8 Pitfalls

10.9 Prognosis

11 Hemicraniectomy (Unilateral, Bilateral, Bifrontal versus Frontotemporal)

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

11.1 Symptoms and Signs

11.2 Surgical Pathology

11.3 Diagnostic Modalities

11.4 Differential Diagnosis

11.5 Treatment Options

11.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

11.7 Surgical Procedure for Unilateral Frontotemporoparietal Craniectomy

11.8 Surgical Procedure for Bifrontal Craniectomy

11.9 Pitfalls

11.10 Prognosis

12 Cranioplasty

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

12.1 Symptoms and Signs

12.2 Surgical Pathology

12.3 Diagnostic Modalities

12.4 Differential Diagnosis

12.5 Treatment Options

12.5.1 Acute Pain Control with Medications and Pain Management

12.5.2 Therapy and Rehabilitation

12.5.3 If Symptomatic

12.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

12.7 Surgical Procedure for Cranioplasty

12.8 Pitfalls

12.9 Prognosis

13 Placement of External Ventricular Drain/Placement of Intraparenchymal ICP Monitor

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

13.1 Symptoms and Signs

13.2 Surgical Pathology

13.3 Diagnostic Modalities

13.4 Differential Diagnosis

13.5 Treatment Options

13.5.1 Acute Pain Control with Medications and Pain Management

13.5.2 Therapy and Rehabilitation

13.5.3 If Symptomatic

13.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

13.7 Surgical Procedure for EVD Placement

13.8 Surgical Procedure for Intraparenchymal ICP Monitor Placement

13.9 Pitfalls

13.10 Prognosis

Section V: Functional Neurosurgery

14 Deep Brain Stimulation

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

14.1 Symptoms and Signs

14.2 Surgical Pathology

14.3 Diagnostic Modalities

14.4 Differential Diagnosis

14.5 Treatment Options

14.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

14.7 Surgical Procedure for Deep Brain Stimulation

14.8 Pitfalls

14.9 Prognosis

Section VI: Epilepsy

15 Subdural Grid Placement

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

15.1 Symptoms and Signs

15.2 Surgical Pathology

15.3 Diagnostic Modalities

15.4 Differential Diagnosis

15.5 Treatment Options

15.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

15.7 Surgical Procedure for Subdural Grid Placement

15.8 Pitfalls

15.9 Prognosis

16 Amygdalohippocampectomy

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

16.1 Symptoms and Signs

16.2 Surgical Pathology

16.3 Diagnostic Modalities

16.4 Differential Diagnosis

16.5 Treatment Options

16.5.1 Antiepileptic Medication (Neurological Evaluation)

16.5.2 Therapy and Rehabilitation

16.5.3 If Symptomatic and No Improvement after Nonoperative Management

16.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

16.7 Surgical Procedure for Transcortical Selective Amygdalohippocampectomy (SAH)

16.8 Pitfalls

16.9 Prognosis

Section VII: Pain Management Strategies

17 Spinal Cord Stimulator

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

17.1 Symptoms and Signs

17.2 Surgical Pathology

17.3 Diagnostic Modalities

17.4 Differential Diagnosis

17.5 Treatment Options

17.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

17.7 Surgical Procedure for Spinal Cord Stimulation

17.8 Pitfalls

17.9 Prognosis

18 Baclofen Pump/Morphine Pump

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

18.1 Symptoms and Signs

18.2 Surgical Pathology

18.3 Diagnostic Modalities

18.4 Differential Diagnosis

18.5 Treatment Options

18.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

18.7 Surgical Procedure for Intrathecal Baclofen Pump Insertion

18.8 Pitfalls

18.9 Prognosis

Section VIII: Hydrocephalus Treatment

19 Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

19.1 Symptoms and Signs

19.2 Surgical Pathology

19.3 Diagnostic Modalities

19.4 Differential Diagnosis

19.5 Treatment Options

19.5.1 Surgery if Deemed Suitable Candidate

19.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

19.7 Surgical Procedure for Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) Shunt

19.8 Pitfalls

19.9 Prognosis

20 Lumboperitoneal Shunt

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

20.1 Symptoms and Signs

20.2 Surgical Pathology

20.3 Diagnostic Modalities

20.4 Differential Diagnosis

20.5 Treatment Options

20.5.1 Surgery if Deemed Suitable Candidate

20.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

20.7 Surgical Procedure for Lumboperitoneal (LP) Shunt

20.8 Pitfalls

20.9 Prognosis

21 Ventriculopleural Shunt

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

21.1 Symptoms and Signs

21.2 Surgical Pathology

21.3 Diagnostic Modalities

21.4 Differential Diagnosis

21.5 Treatment Options

21.5.1 Surgery if Deemed Suitable Candidate

21.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

21.7 Surgical Procedure for Ventriculopleural (VLP) Shunt

21.8 Pitfalls

21.9 Prognosis

22 Ventriculoatrial Shunt

Ryan F. Amidon, Christ Ordookhanian, and Paul E. Kaloostian

22.1 Symptoms and Signs

22.2 Surgical Pathology

22.3 Diagnostic Modalities

22.4 Differential Diagnosis

22.5 Treatment Options

22.5.1 Surgery if Deemed Suitable Candidate

22.6 Indications for Surgical Intervention

22.7 Surgical Procedure for Ventriculoatrial (VA) Shunt

22.8 Pitfalls

22.9 Prognosis

Index