Читать книгу Neurosurgery Outlines - Paul E. Kaloostian - Страница 95

• Thoracic disk herniation

• Spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spine)

• Scoliosis

• Bulging thoracic disk

• Presence of bony spurs

• Tumor:

– Metastatic (malignant, requiring emergent treatment)

– Primary (benign or malignant)

• Vascular lesion (typically requiring supplemental embolization):

– Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)

– Spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

– Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (AVF)

– Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)

• Vertebral fracture:

– Blunt trauma (incomplete SCI)

– Penetrating trauma (incomplete SCI)

– Wedge/compression fracture

– Burst fracture

– Chance fracture

– Fracture-dislocation