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1 An unpublished Statement of Colonial Receipts and Expenditure, 1829, in the Colonial Office, gives the number as 32. (C.O. 4522.) See also House of Commons Accounts and Papers, 1831, Vol. xix, p. 171, Return for Colonies, giving the number as 35. A List of His Majesty's Colonial Possessions, 1837, puts the number at 35, inclusive of South Australia (founded in 1836) and St. Helena (vested in the Crown, 1833). Colonial Rules and Regulations, 1st Ed., 1837. R. Montgomery Martin, Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire, 1839, gives an exhaustive list of over fifty.

2 James Mill, Art., "Colony," in the Supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica. R. M. Martin, in Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire, 1839, includes India; and in his Colonial Policy of the British Empire, 1837, p. 2, he applies the name colony to "all the transmarine possessions of the Empire." See also an anonymous pamphlet, A Brief Sketch of the political importance of the British Colonies, 1826, pp. 35 et seq.

3 Neither in the Statement of Receipts and Expenditure, 1829, nor in the Colonial Rules and Regulations, 1837, is India included.

4 Lower Canada, Upper Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward's Island, Newfoundland. Colonial Rules and Regulations, 1837. These and the following lists of colonies are not intended to be exhaustive.

5 31 Geo. III, c. 31.

6 See Lucas, Durham Report, Vol. i, pp. 33 et seq.

7 About one-third of the total. Kingsford, History of Canada, Vol. ix, p. 491, footnote.

8 Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. vi, at p. 1378.

9 Including some settlements in South America. Antigua, Barbadoes, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Tobago, Tortola, Anguilla, Trinidad, Bahamas, Bermudas; Honduras and Guiana on the Mainland. Colonial Rules and Regulations, 1837.

10 e.g., Fowell Buxton's motion for the abolition of slavery. May 15th, 1823. Hansard, New Series, Vol. ix, pp. 274-5.

11 e.g., Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. viii, pp. 176 et seq. Letter by P——— to Lord Howick, in the Spectator, March 5th, 1831.

12 Hansard, New Series, Vol. xxv, p. 308.

13 Cape of Good Hope, Sierra Leone and Gambia, Mauritius, Cap Coast Castle. Colonial Rules and Regulations, 1837. Statement Colonial Receipts and Expenditure, 1829.

14 Theal, History of South Africa since 1795, Vol. ii. Chap. xix.

15 R. Montgomery Martin, Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire, at p. 558.

16 Egerton, Colonial Policy, 3rd Ed., 1910, p. 274.

17 New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, Swan River colony; Norfolk Island was a dependency of New South Wales.

18 Ed. Review, February, 1823, "the fifth or pickpocket quarter of the globe"; Spectator, March 30th, 1833.

19 From 1825-30, about 2,600 a year to New South Wales.—Porter, Progress of the Nation, 1836, p. 137.

20 H. Merivale, Lectures on Colonization, Ed. 1861, pp. 349-50.

21 Francis Bacon, Essay on Plantations, 1625.

22 Lucas, Historical Geography of the British Colonies, Vol. vi. Australasia (by J. D. Rogers), p. 107. The proportion of free to freed and bond in New South Wales in 1828 was about 2 to 3; free, 13,400; freed, 7,530; convicts, 15,668. See Appendix to the Third Report of the Royal Commission on Receipts and Expenditure in Colonies. Acc. and Pap., 1830-1, Vol. iv, p. 69. The figures for Van Diemen's Land are not given. In 1828 Huskisson gives "the latest returns" for New South Wales as 49,000, of whom 18,000 were originally free. Hansard, N.S., Vol. xviii, p. 1559. The Quarterly Review for April, 1829, gives the total as about 40,000; originally free, 12,000. Cf. E. G. Wakefield, Letter from Sydney, p. 65.

23 See speech of Sir James Mackintosh in the House of Commons, 1828. Hansard, New Series, Vol. xix, p. 1457. See also the evidence of Mr. James Macarthur, and of Mr. John Russell before the Select Committee on Transportation, 1837, questions 2486* et seq. Acc. and Pap., 1837, Vol. xix; and 90 et seq. and 576-7. Acc. and Pap., 1837-8, Vol. xxii. Contrast H. Merivale, Lectures on Colonization, Ed. 1861, pp. 359-60.

24 Sir George Murray in 1832. Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. x, at p. 506.

25 See Chap. iii.

26 Montgomery Martin, Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire, 1839; India, Ceylon, Penang, Malacca, Singapore.

27 Statement of the Receipts and Expenditure of the Colonies, 1829.

28 Lucas, Historical Geography of the British Colonies, Vol. i, 2nd Ed., pp. 192-3.

29 Life of Sir Stamford Raffles, D. C. Boulger, 1897, p. 306.

30 Lucas, Historical Geography of the British Colonies, Vol. i, 2nd Ed., p. 195.

31 Sir J. Emerson Tennent, Ceylon, 1860, Vol. ii, p. 74.

32 Ibid., pp. 74-96.

33 Statement of Receipts and Expenditure of the Colonies, 1829.

34 Report of the Committee of the Privy Council for Trade and Plantations, 1849. Acc. and Pap., 1849, Vol. xxxv, p. 34. This Report is reprinted as an Appendix to Vol. ii of Grey's Colonial Policy of Lord John Russell's Administration.

35 Ibid.

36 In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward's Isle, the Executive and the Legislative Councils consisted of the same persons until 1838, 1832, and 1838 respectively. Lucas, Durham Report, Vol. i, pp. 81-6.

37 In several of the Crown colonies the Governor ruled at this time without a council, e.g., Swan River, Cape of Good Hope, Gibraltar. Acc. and Pap., 1831, Vol. xix, p. 171.

38 Report of Committee of Trade and Plantations, 1849.

39 Report of Committee of Trade and Plantations, 1849.

40 In the early American colonies representative institutions were rarely granted in express terms; they were assumed by the colonists as a matter of right. H. Merivale, Lectures on Colonization and the Colonies, 1861, pp. 103-4. Hutchinson, History of Massachusetts Bay, 1765, Vol. i, at p. 94, notices that in Virginia "in the year 1620 a house of burgesses broke out," and in Massachusetts Bay "a house of deputies appeared suddenly, in 1634."

41 Keith, Responsible Government in the Dominions, 1912, Vol. i, p. 2. Forsyth, Cases and Opinions on Constitutional Law, 1869, p. 14.

42 Lord Mansfield's decision in Campbell v. Hall, 20 State Trials, 239. Forsyth, Cases and Opinions, p. 16.

43 Keith, Vol. i, p. i, and cases cited there. Forsyth, Cases and Opinions, p. 18.

44 Keith, p. 2.

45 Sir George Murray in 1830. Hansard, N.S., Vol. xxv, p. 296.

46 e.g., in 1829-30. See Hansard, N.S., Vol. xxi, pp. 460, 1331, 1764; Vol. xxiv, p. 1093.

47 New South Wales, 1828. Hansard, N.S., Vol. xviii, pp. 1430-1, 1559. 1565; Vol. xix, p. 1460. Newfoundland, 1830 and 1831. Hansard, N.S., Vol. xxiv, pp. 580 et seq. Third Series, Vol. iv, pp. 359 et seq. Cape of Good Hope, 1830. Hansard, N.S., Vol. xxiv, pp. 1005 et seq.

48 Merivale, Ed. 1861, p. 627. T. H. Ward, Reign of Queen Victoria, 1887, Vol. i, p. 410.

49 Lucas, Durham Report, Vol. ii, pp. 101-3.

50 Ibid., p. 103.

51 Sir William Molesworth's Speech in 1838. Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. xl, p. 385.

52 1827, F. Robinson (afterwards Lord Ripon). 1827, W. Huskisson. 1828, Sir G. Murray. 1830, Lord Goderich (F. Robinson, afterwards Lord Ripon). 1833, E. Stanley (afterwards Lord Derby). 1834, T. Spring Rice (afterwards Lord Monteagle). 1834, Lord Aberdeen. 1835, C. Grant (afterwards Lord Glenelg). 1839, Lord Normandy. 1839, Lord John Russell.

53 Dictionary of National Biography.

54 Greville Memoirs, Vol. ii, p. 368. Sir Henry Taylor, Autobiography, 1885, Vol. ii, p. 301. The First Sir James Stephen, 1906, pp. 16, 29, 34, and 45.

55 e.g., in New Zealand. Infra, Chap. xi.

56 Colonial Gazette, December 11th, 1839, "King Stephen rules the roast."

57 Quarterly Review, March, 1839, Art., "Colonial Government"; Taylor, Autobiography, 1885, Vol. ii, p. 300.

58 Art of Colonization, p. 302. Taylor, Autobiography, 1885, Vol. ii, p. 300.

59 Stephen was not the only permanent official of the Colonial Office who was publicly assailed. See Roebuck's severe strictures, in the House of Commons, on R. W. Hay in 1835. Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. xxvii, p. 653.

60 Letter to T. E. Dicey. The First Sir James Stephen, 1906, p. 53.

61 A Narrative, 1839, pp. 373-5. Quoting with entire approval a leading article in the Montreal Gazette, November 22nd, 1838.

62 Mrs. Fawcett, Life of Sir William Molesworth, pp. 160-1.

63 Memoirs, Vol. ii, pp. 356-7.

64 Letter to Mrs. Hodson, April 18th, 1839. The First Sir James Stephen, p. 59. See also Greville Memoirs, Vol. iv, p. 180.

65 Autobiography, 1885, Vol. i, p. 123.

66 Ibid., Vol. ii, pp. 300-1. See also Vol. i, p. 233.

67 Ibid., Vol. i, p. 130.

68 Ibid., p. 70.

69 Greville Memoirs, Vol. i, p. 151.

70 Ibid., Vol. ii, p. 11. Cf. Labouchere in House of Commons, 1838. Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. xli, p. 542.

71 Lucas, Durham Report, Vol. i, p. 21. Egerton, Colonial Policy, 3rd Ed., 1910, p. 292.

72 Letter to Mrs. Austin, February 12th, 1839. The First Sir James Stephen, p. 56.

73 Compare Hume's complaint on this score. Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. xi, p. 834.

74 Art of Colonization, p. 235.

75 Charles Buller, Responsible Government for Colonies, 1840, p. 2.

76 Ibid., p. 8.

77 See Hansard, N.S., Vol. xxiv, p. 1014. Theodore Hook was a notorious case. See Dictionary of National Biography.

78 C. Greville held the office of Secretary of Jamaica with permanent leave of absence. The work was done by a deputy who was paid by a share of the fees. Greville was in constant fear of losing his office, which he regarded as his property, and had several times to fight hard to retain it. Greville Memoirs, Vol. ii, p. 390, and Vol. iii, pp. 272-3.

79 Hansard, N.S., Vol. xxiv, p. 1010. See also Westminster Review, July, 1827, Art., "Canada."

80 Responsible Government for Colonies, p. 90.

81 Sir R. Peel's Speech at Tamworth, August 7th, 1837, including the O'Connell and Ruthven Correspondence on the Kildare County Election, 2nd Ed., 1847, pp. 9-12, Ruthven's account of the promise of a colonial appointment does not differ materially from O'Connell's.

82 Art of Colonization, p. 207.

83 Hansard, 1838, 3rd Series, Vol. xl, p. 363.

84 Ibid., p. 377.

85 Art of Colonization, p. 207.

86 Sir G. Murray in Hansard, New Series, Vol. xxi, p. 1766.

87 Lord Gosford: Lucas, Durham Report, Vol. i, p. 65. One reason for appointing military governors was that Canada was a colony on the frontier of a possibly hostile nation.

88 Rusden, History of Australia, 2nd Ed., 1897, pp.410 et seq.

89 R. Montgomery Martin, Colonial Policy of the British Empire, 1837, p. 75.

90 Patrick Matthew, Emigration Fields, 1839, pp. 207-8.

91 The Voyage of Captain Popanilla, B. Disraeli, 1828, pp. 172-8.

92 Compare the population of Great Britain in 1831, 16,500,000. Porter, Progress of the Nation, 1836, § i, Chap. i, p. 11.

93 See detailed figures in Statement of Receipts and Expenditure of the Colonies, 1829; also Return in Acc. and Pap., 1831, Vol. xix, p. 171.

94 Ibid.

95 See detailed figures in Statement of Receipts and Expenditure of the Colonies, 1829.

96 Ibid. This does not include naval expenses. Compare the average annual revenue and expenditure of Great Britain, 1820-29, each about £55,000,000. Porter, Progress of the Nation, 1838, § 3, p. 290.

97 T. H. Ward, Life of Queen Victoria, Vol. i, p. 157.

98 See also Sir Henry Parnell, On Financial Reform, 1830, Chap. xv.

99 G. L. Beer, British Colonial Policy, 1754-65, p. 194.

100 Ibid., pp. 201-3.

101 J. R. McCulloch's edition of the Wealth of Nations, 1828, Vol. iv. Note on Colonial Policy, at p. 409. Brougham sums up Adam Smith's position in this way. "While the mercantile theory favoured the establishment of colonies by every possible means, and viewed them as a certain mine of wealth, that of the Oeconomists considered them as a drain to the resources, and a diversion to the force of the mother-country. Statesmen of the former school . . . encouraged them, as the scene of rich and secure monopoly: The converts of the latter doctrine . . . disapproved both of the colonies, and of the colonial monopoly. Between these two opinions Dr. Smith has adopted a middle course." Colonial Policy of the European Powers, 1803, Vol. i, p. 7.

102 Wealth of Nations, Book iv. Chap. vii, Part iii.

103 Ibid.

104 Ibid.

105 "To propose that Great Britain should voluntarily give up all authority over her colonies, and leave them to elect their own magistrates, to enact their own laws, and to make peace and war as they might think proper, would be to propose such a measure as never was, and never will be adopted, by any nation in the world." Ibid.

106 Ibid.

107 Colonies "do not even afford any advantage, as some persons suppose, by enlarging the field for the employment of capital; for there are still means enough for employing capital with profit at home; and if new means were wanting they would be more effectually obtained by removing restrictions on trade and revising the taxes, than by increased trade in the colonies."—Sir Henry Parnell, On Financial Reform, 1830, pp. 252-3.

108 Edinburgh Review, June, 1822, writing of Canada: "Whatever our anticipations may be of the future destinies of this extensive province, we cannot, in a political point of view, look upon it as of much value to the mother-country. We believe it has hitherto brought more expense than profit to this country . . . . However sanguine our hopes and expectations may be of the prosperity of this colony, they arise rather from an anticipation of the future comforts and happiness of the settlers themselves, than from any calculation on an increase to our own political power or commercial greatness."

109 Edinburgh Review, August, 1825, Art. on "Colonial Policy."

110 Ibid.

111 "Neither the British public nor the colonies have ever benefited by the monopoly; . . . the possession of colonies affords no advantages which could not be obtained by commercial intercourse with independent States."—Sir Henry Parnell, On Financial Reform, 1830, pp. 249-50.

112 Wealth of Nations, edited by J. R. McCulloch, 1828, Vol. iv, pp. 409-10. Note on Colonial Policy.

113 Edinburgh Review, August, 1825.

114 Edinburgh Review, Art., "Emigration," January, 1828. Wealth of Nations, edited by J. R. McCulloch, 1828, Vol. iii, footnote at p. 28. Sir H. Parnell, On Financial Reform, 1830, pp. 256-7.

115 Edinburgh Review, August, 1825: "It is not easy to see how we could sustain any injury from the total breaking up of the colonial monopoly, or even from the total and unconditional abandonment of these dependencies." Ibid.

116 In a pamphlet. Emancipate your Colonies, written in 1792, printed, but not published, in 1793, published in 1830 with a postscript, and again with a preface, but without the postscript, in 1838.

117 Manuscript notes for letters to the people of Spain, entitled. Rid yourselves of Ultramaria, 1826. Box No. 8 of the Bentham Manuscripts in University College Library, London.

118 Compare also Bentham, Emancipate your Colonies, 1838 Ed., p. 7 and Rationale of Reward, 1825, p. 297.

119 Art., "Colony," in the Supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica.

120 Westminster Review, July, 1830. Art., "Politics of Lower Canada."

121 Emancipate your Colonies, 1838 Ed., p. 6. Rationale of Reward, 1825, p. 293.

122 Westminster Review, July, 1827. Rationale of Reward, p. 297.

123 Art., "Colony." Emancipate your Colonies, 1838 Ed., p. 15.

124 Art., "Colony." Compare Westminster Review, July, 1827. Art., "Canada": "Those sinister interests, on account of which we firmly believe that these colonies are maintained." Also Westminster Review, April, 1830. Art., "Financial Reform": "Our colonies for the most part are impediments to commerce, drawbacks on prosperity, pumps for extracting the property of the many for the benefit of the few, the strongholds and asylums of despotism and misrule." Also Emancipate your Colonies, 1838 Ed., p. 15. The use of colonies is "to make places, and wars that breed more places."

125 McCulloch wrote, in 1825: "Fortunately, however, a new era is already begun . . . . The monopoly of the trade of America is now nearly destroyed, and her independence almost achieved . . . . Every man of sense, whether in the Cabinet or out of it, knows, that Canada must, at no distant period, be merged in the American Republic." Edinburgh Review, August, 1825. The Westminster Review, July, 1830. Art., "Politics of Lower Canada," suggested of Canada that "we should part on good terms . . . anticipating by a few, a very few years, the inevitable separation of the two countries . . ."; and, again, in July, 1827, Canada "must, at some time, and that, too, at no very distant date, be severed from the mother-country." Compare the Quarterly Review, April, 1829: "In truth, it is pretty much with colonies as with children: we protect and nourish them in infancy; we direct them in youth, and leave them to their own guidance in manhood." Art., "New Colony on Swan River."

126 Brief Sketch of the political importance of the British Colonies, 1826. Considerations on the value and importance of the British North-American Provinces, Sir H. Douglas, 1831.

127 Charles Tennant, Correspondence with Nassau Senior, 1831, pp. 68-70, and Letter to Sir George Murray, 1830. Spectator, February 23rd, 1839, and July 11th, 1846. Charles Buller, Responsible Government for Colonies, 1840, Chap. vi. Wakefield, Art of Colonization, 1849, p. 38: "Twenty years ago, colonization was in no respect a subject of public opinion; the public neither knew nor cared anything at all about it."

128 See Chap. ii infra.

129 Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. vi, pp. 114-15.

130 Spectator, February 13th, 1836.

131 Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. xxii, p. 801.

132 e.g., May 26th, 1835, ibid., Vol. xxviii, p. 168; March 1st, 1836, Vol. xxxi, p. 1132; March 25th, 1841, Vol. lvii, pp. 607-8.

133 e.g., Second Reading of the South Australian Bill, 1834. Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. xxv, pp. 429-32 and pp. 700 et seq.; and Debate on Transportation, 1840, ibid., Vol. liii, p. 1279.

134 Augustus Stafford, quoted by Wakefield in a letter to J. R. Godley, February 2nd, 1850. Founders of Canterbury, 1868, p. 212. Compare Charles Buller in the House of Commons, 1839: "It was the common shame of both [parties] that they made the interests of our countrymen in the colonies the sport of their party manoeuvres." Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. xlix, p. 182.

135 Memoirs, Vol. vi, pp. 255-7,

136 The Morning Chronicle alone mentioned the subject. See Morning Chronicle of February 3rd, 1831.

137 e.g., Huskisson in the House of Commons, 1828. Hansard, New Series, Vol. xix, pp. 314-15. Quarterly Review, March, 1830. Art., "Sir H. Parnell on Financial Reform." Brougham, Colonial Policy, 1803. Book i, § I, especially pp. 106 et seq. Thomas Arnold, Effects of Distant Colonization on the Parent State, 1815.