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Canada proper, i.e., Canada as distinguished from the maritime provinces, had been divided in 1791 [5] into two provinces, Upper and Lower Canada—the former mainly English in character, the latter mainly French. [6] The Upper Province was peopled by American loyalists or their descendants, and by British immigrants.

The Lower Province was peopled mainly by French Canadians, but the presence of a large minority [7] of British settlers made it at the moment the theatre of a racial struggle.

Of the other North American colonies, Newfoundland was treated as a mere fishing station, and settlement there was discouraged. [8]