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1 G. R. Porter, The Progress of the Nation, 1836, pp. 11-13.

2 Ibid., p. 83.

3 Ibid., p. 84.

4 "It is true, that for years past the cry has been echoed from all sides, that the country is over-peopled, Mr. Malthus has 'frighted the isle from her propriety' with the tales of dire distress which the 'principle of population' has produced, is producing, and cannot fail, for all time to come, to produce. We have been taught to think the time near at hand when, like rats, we shall be driven by excess of numbers to eat one another. Mothers have been long looked upon as the great pests of society—Dr. Jenner as the prime enemy to humanity, for having cut off one of the ancient natural 'checks to population.' A regiment of chubby urchins excites a shudder in the humane political economist, who, in their actual health, sees only the promise of their future misery."—Quarterly Review for May, 1830.

5 G. L. Beer, British Colonial Policy, 1754-1765, p. 133.

6 At first R. J. Wilmot, but later he added the name of Horton. He was knighted in 1831.

7 So Horton in Inquiry into the Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830. The Dict. Nat. Biog. gives the date as 1821.

8 Lucas, Durham Report, Vol. i, pp. 44-7.

9 Greville, referring to Wilmot Horton's lectures to the London Mechanics' Institute, at the end of 1830, wrote: "He deserves great credit for his exertions, the object of which is to explain to the labouring classes some of the truths of political economy, the folly of thinking that the breaking of machinery will better their condition, and, of course, the efficacy of his own plan of emigration . . . . He is full of zeal and animation, but so totally without method and arrangement that he is hardly intelligible." Memoirs, Vol. ii, p. 100.

10 Address on the British Colonies and Colonization, 1858, p. 7.

11 See the Outline of a Plan of Emigration to Upper Canada, handed in by him to the Select Committee on the Employment of the Poor in Ireland, 1823. Acc. and Pap., 1823, Vol. vi. See also Letter to Sir Francis Burdett, 1825, p. 25. Inquiry into the Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830, 1st Series, pp. 21-2. Ireland and Canada, 1839, pp. 9-10, and p. 16.

12 Lectures to the London Mechanics' Institute, 1831, Lecture i, p. 7.

13 Ibid., p. 18.

14 Hansard, New Series, Vol. xvi, pp. 487-8.

15 Letter to Sir F. Burdett, 1825, p. 2. Inquiry into the Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830, 3rd Series, p. 70.

16 Outline of a Plan of Emigration in Acc. and Pap., 1823, Vol. vi.

17 Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830, 1st Series, p. 21.

18 Letter to Sir F. Burdett, 1825, p. 18.

19 Ibid., p. 25. Ireland and Canada, 1839, p. 16.

20 Hansard, New Series, Vol. xvi, p. 488.

21 Letter to Sir F. Burdett, 1826, pp. 30-8. Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1829, pp. 80-5.

22 Inquiry into the Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830, 1st Series, p. 22.

23 Letter to Sir F. Burdett, 1825, pp. 50 et seq.

24 Inquiry into the Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830, 1st Series, p. 34.

25 Ibid.

26 Ibid., 4th Series, pp. 77-8.

27 Letter to Sir F. Burdett, Appendix, p. 88.

28 Ireland and Canada, 1839, p. iv.

29 Inquiry into the Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830, pp. 22-3.

30 Ibid., pp. 23-4. See also Hansard, 1827, N.S., Vol. xvi, p. 489.

31 See generally his Outline of a Plan of Emigration handed in to the Select Committee of 1823 on the Employment of the Poor in Ireland. Acc. and Pap., 1823, Vol. vi, p. 331.

32 This was his first proposal. In practice the amount came to be 70 acres, with a further reserve of 30 which might be purchased by the settler. See memorandum of terms for Robinson's settlers handed in by Wilmot Horton to 1823 Committee on Employment of the Poor in Ireland.

33 Letter to Sir F. Burdett, Appendix, p. 11.

34 Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1829, p. 59.

35 Outline of a Plan of Emigration.

36 Wilmot Horton's speech, February 15th, 1827. Hansard, New Series, Vol. xvi, pp. 480-1. See also Third Report of Select Committee on Emigration, 1827. Acc. and Pap., 1826-7, Vol. v, p. 223; and Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1829, Part i, p. 21.

37 Hansard, New Series, Vol. xvi, p. 480.

38 Ireland and Canada, 1839, p. 13.

39 S. C. Johnson, History of Emigration, 1913, p. 159.

40 Lucas, Durham Report, Vol. ii, p. 217.

41 Hansard, New Series, Vol. xvi, p. 480.

42 Ibid., p. 481.

43 Letter to Sir F. Burdett, 1825, pp. 15-16, and pp. 58 et seq.

44 Third Report in Acc. and Pap., 1826-7, Vol. v, p. 223.

45 Inquiry into the Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830, 1st Series, p. 8.

46 Lecture i at the London Mechanics' Institute, 1831, pp. 14-15.

47 Letter to Sir F. Burdett, 1825, p. 19. His estimate varied. In 1823 he put it at £30, and in 1829 at £15, per head. Outline of a Plan of Emigration, 1823, and Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830, 1st Series, p. 40.

48 Letter to Sir F. Burdett, 1825, pp. 19 et seq.

49 Outline of a Plan of Emigration, 1823.

50 Letter to Sir Francis Burdett, 1825, p. 64.

51 Outline of a Plan of Emigration, 1823.

52 Acc. and Pap., 1823, Vol. xiii, p. 301.

53 Ibid. 1825, Vol. xviii, p. 358.

54 Appendix xviii to Report of the Departmental Committee on Agricultural Settlements in British Colonies, Vol. ii, Cd. 2979, p. 327. This report states that the grant of £50,000 in 1819 was never spent; but see S. C. Johnson, History of Emigration to North America, 1913, p. 19.

55 Wilmot Horton in the House of Commons, 1826. Hansard, New Series, Vol. xiv, at p. 1362.

56 Ibid., Vol. xvi, p. 475.

57 Evidence before the 1823 Committee on Irish Labouring Poor.

58 "The whole of those who had been sent out were in fact paupers, divested of all means of procuring a subsistence at home, and utterly incapable of providing for themselves and families."—Wilmot Horton, Hansard, New Series, Vol. xiv, p. 1361.

59 Wilmot Horton's evidence before the 1823 Committee on Irish Labouring Poor.

60 Report in Acc. and Pap., 1823, Vol. vi, p. 331.

61 Mr. Peter Robinson's evidence before the 1827 Emigration Committee. Acc. and Pap., 1826-7, Vol. v.

62 Acc. and Pap., 1826-7, Vol. xv, p. 277.

63 Robinson's evidence before the 1827 Committee.

64 Hansard, New Series, Vol. xvi, pp. 476 et seq. Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1829, pp. 5-8, and pp. 24-8, quoting Col. Talbot and Capt. Basil Hall. Ireland and Canada, 1839, pp. 37 et seq., quoting Lieut. Rubidge.

65 See his evidence before 1826 Committee on Emigration, especially to Question 1565. Acc. and Pap., 1826, Vol. iv, p. i. His report, however, in 1827, was more favourable. Acc. and Pap., 1828, Vol. xxi, p. 359.

66 See, e.g., Robinson's Report on the 1823 settlement. Acc. and Pap., 1825, Vol. xviii, p. 358; and the Report of the Commissioners for Emigration, 1832. Acc. and Pap., 1831-2, Vol. xxxii, p. 209.

67 Inquiry into the Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830, Third Series, p. 84.

68 Report in Acc. and Pap., 1831-2, Vol. xxxii, p. 209.

69 Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. lxviii, p. 556.

70 Wilmot Horton, Letter to Sir F. Burdett, 1825, p. 11.

71 S. C. Johnson, History of Emigration to North America, 1913, pp. 231-2.

72 Acc. and Pap., 1826, Vol. iv, p. i.

73 Third (and final) Report in Acc. and Pap., 1826-7, Vol. v, p. 223. For a list of the members of this Committee of 1827 see Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1829, pp. 10-11.

74 Inquiry into the Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830, 4th Series, p. 86.

75 Hansard, N.S., Vol. xxv, p. 367.

76 See the Bill in 1830-1. Acc. and Pap., Vol. i, p. 463; Horton's Bills of 1828 and 1830 do not appear in the Acc. and Pap. for those years.

77 Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. ii, pp. 875 et seq. William Cobbett wrote to Howick: "This bill is a legacy, or heirloom, which you are so unfortunate as to inherit from Wilmot Horton, your predecessor in office." Weekly Political Register, April 9th, 1831. A contemporary satirist put the same idea somewhat differently:

"Horton's old mantle Howick makes his own,

Across his shoulders whimsically thrown;

And vapid lingo finds a hackney'd theme

In emigration, as a social scheme,

Destined to render th' English nation blest,

By getting rid of paupers as a pest;

If starving hinds and all their tribe will go

Where hungry cravings none can ever know;

Where Indian mothers and their sucking squaws

Find ceaseless practice for their copper jaws;

Or where th' Australian to the stranger yields,

In savage sulk, his boundless woods and fields;

Where culprits that escaped the gallows-tree

Become possessors of estates in fee,

And those estates, from genial option, choose

In districts stocked with thieves and kangaroos."

Crayons from the Commons; or Members in Relievo, by Peregrine Palette, 1831, pp. 53-4.

78 4 & 5 W. IV, c. 76, § 62. A somewhat similar section was inserted in the Irish Poor Law Act of 1838, 1 & 2 Vic, c. 56, § 51.

79 Mr. Gally Knight in 1843. Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. lxviii, p. 544.

80 Ireland and Canada, 1839, pp. 73-4. Cf. Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1829, p. iv, where he speaks of the "general apathy and distrust which have attached to the principles, opinions, and recommendations of the Emigration Committee."

81 Quarterly Review, March, 1828; April, 1831. Edinburgh Review, January, 1824; December, 1826; January, 1828. Westminster Review, January, 1828: "We subscribe, then, to the expediency of emigration from Ireland, as a temporary political measure, and not upon the essential merits of the scheme itself."

82 Quarterly Review, March, 1828.

83 Edinburgh Review, January, 1824.

84 Ibid., December, 1826.

85 Inquiry into the Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830, 4th Series, pp. iii-iv.

86 Ibid., 3rd Series, p. 22.

87 Michael Sadler in the House of Commons, Hansard, New Series, Vol. xxi, p. 1728. James Grattan, ibid. Vol. xix, pp. 1509-10. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine for February, 1828.

88 See the speeches in Hansard, New Series, Vol. xvi, p. 302 (Benett); Vol. xviii, p. 956 (Leycester); Vol. xxi, p. 1141 (Sadler).

89 Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. ii, p. 888.

90 Cobbett's Weekly Political Register, March 3rd, 1827; March 29th, 1828; and March 12th, 1831.

91 Ibid., March 20th, 1830.

92 Ibid., March 12th, 1831.

93 Ibid., March 20th, 1830.

94 Ibid., November 3rd, 1827, and March 31st, 1831.

95 Westminster Review, October, 1826. See speeches in Hansard, New Series, Vol. xvi, p. 490 (James Grattan); p. 509 (Joseph Hume); Vol. xviii, p. 956 (Benett); pp. 960-1 (W. Whitmore); p. 1554 (Huskisson); Vol. xix, p. 1513 (Warburton).

96 Ireland and Canada, 1839, pp. 53-4. See also Edinburgh Review, January, 1828.

97 Report in Acc. and Pap., 1831-2, Vol. xxxii, p. 209.

98 Westminster Review, October, 1826.

99 Inquiry into the Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830, 4th Series, p. 91.

100 See Peel's speech in 1828. Hansard, New Series, Vol. xix, pp. 1515 et seq.

101 Second Report in Acc. and Pap., 1826-7, p.3.

102 Hansard, New Series, Vol. xix, pp. 1517-18.

103 e.g., Ireland, its evils and their remedies, 1829. The Law of Population, 1830, 2 vols. The true law of population he stated to be "the fecundity of human beings under similar circumstances, varies inversely as their numbers on a given space." Ireland, 2nd Ed., 1829, p. xxviii.

104 Ireland, 2nd Ed., 1829, p. xxii.

105 England and America, Vol. ii, p. 96. The motto of Sadler's book on Ireland was "Dwell in the land and verily thou shalt be fed."

106 Hansard, N.S., Vol. xxi, pp. 1138-40.

107 Art of Colonization, 1849, pp. 38-9.

108 Inquiry into the Causes and Remedies of Pauperism, 1830, 1st Series, p. 12.

109 Charles Tennant, Correspondence with Nassau Senior concerning Systematic Colonization, 1831, p. 16.

110 Ibid., p. 42. Spectator, March 13th, 1830.

111 Letter vii of P. to Lord Howick, Spectator, February 19th, 1831.

112 Tennant, Correspondence with Nassau Senior, 1831, pp. 20 et seq.

113 Art of Colonization, 1849, p. 39.

114 Correspondence with Nassau Senior, pp. 26 et seq.

115 Ibid., pp. 22-3.

116 Ibid., p. 15.

117 Ibid., p. 39.

118 Correspondence with Nassau Senior, p. 28.

119 Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. lxviii, p. 522.

120 See E. G. Wakefield, England and America, 1833, Vol. ii, pp. 218 et seq.

121 Ibid., Vol. ii, pp. 220-1.

122 Charles Tennant, Letter to Sir G. Murray on Systematic Colonization, 1830, p. 52.

123 Spectator, January 15th, 1831.

124 Ibid.

125 Spectator, February 26th, 1831.

126 Letter to R. S. Rintoul, May 1st, 1848, Founders of Canterbury, 1868 (Ed. by E. J. Wakefield), p. 27. He added a characteristic comment, "My aim will be to nip the scheme in the bud."