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2.3.14 Bile

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Bile tends to contain higher concentrations of drugs and metabolites than other body fluids and thus can be a useful specimen if blood and urine are not available, or if ingestion of a very potent poison is suspected (Bévalot et al., 2016; Tominaga et al., 2016). Blood and bile concentrations are generally poorly correlated (Ferner & Aronson, 2018). At autopsy, bile can usually be collected by syringe aspiration from the gallbladder, or by incision-compression if the bile is too viscous. In the event of cholecystectomy, sampling can be performed directly in the common bile duct. The site of sampling should be recorded. Care should be taken to avoid contamination of the specimen by stomach or intestinal contents.

Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology

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