Читать книгу Musculoskeletal Disorders - Sean Gallagher - Страница 4

1 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 A motion segment of the lumbar spine.Figure 2.2 Focal damage in the intervertebral disc. Fissures of grade 1 (gra...Figure 2.3 Lumbar vertebrae and their facet (zygopophyseal) joints, which ar...Figure 2.4 The site of de Quervain’s syndrome is encircled. APL: abductor po...Figure 2.5 Location of inflamed or injured tissues in the extensor carpi rad...Figure 2.6 Partial and full tears in supraspinatus tendons, a rotator cuff t...Figure 2.7 A model for possible early and late events in muscle response to ...Figure 2.8 Location of the carpal tunnel and path of the median nerve in the...

2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Loose and adipose connective tissues. (a) Loose connective tissue...Figure 3.2 Dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis of the skin. (a) ...Figure 3.3 Extensions of deep fascia around and into individual muscle fiber...Figure 3.4 Single muscle cells (fiber) showing multinucleated nature and str...Figure 3.5 Distribution of different myosin heavy chains detected by immunof...Figure 3.6 Structure of a skeletal muscle.Figure 3.7 A simplified schematic of a sarcomere is shown. A sarcomere is co...Figure 3.8 Diagram of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T‐tubule system of a ma...Figure 3.9 Vascular anatomy within skeletal muscle. (a) Highly organized vas...Figure 3.10 The sliding‐filament mechanism.Figure 3.11 The neuromuscular junction. Adult skeletal muscle is highly orga...Figure 3.12 Tendon images. (a) Longitudinal tendon section, with examples of...Figure 3.13 Schematic depicting the hierarchical structure of tendon, with i...Figure 3.14 Hyaline cartilage. (a and b) Hyaline cartilage in the articular ...Figure 3.15 Fibrocartilage in the intervertebral discs between the vertebrae...Figure 3.16 Elastic cartilage.Figure 3.17 Bone cells. (a) Osteoblasts on the surface of trabeculae (larger...Figure 3.18 The organization of long bones. (a) Three‐dimensional micro comp...Figure 3.19 Osteons in cortical bone. (a) The osteocytes canaliculi are visi...Figure 3.20 Ligaments. (a) A diagram showing the ligament of the knee: later...

3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Sensory (afferent) nerves send signals from peripheral sensory te...Figure 4.2 Types of neurons based on shape.Figure 4.3 Typical multipolar neurons with glial cells that myelinate depict...Figure 4.4 Peripheral nerve histological sections. (a) A cross‐section of a ...Figure 4.5 Schwann cells around unmyelinated peripheral nerve axons.Figure 4.6 (a) Stimulus‐induced amplitude‐graded receptor potentials at rece...Figure 4.7 A schematic view of an idealized action potential that illustrate...Figure 4.8 Innervation of muscles and tendons. Depiction of an alpha motor n...Figure 4.9 A Golgi tendon organ. The vertical dashed lines represent the col...Figure 4.10 A spinal cord cut cross‐sectionally.Figure 4.11 Diagram of the spinocerebellar tract and anterolateral system (A...

4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 An example of Newton's third law of motion. The worker pushes on ...Figure 5.2 A 50 N downward force vector created by gravitational acceleratio...Figure 5.3 Moment example: (a) a 1 kg (9.8 N) load placed 1 m to the right o...Figure 5.4 Free body diagram of weight‐holding example. Note sign convention...Figure 5.5 Reactive moment and reactive forces acting at the elbow.Figure 5.6 Biomechanical analysis including internal (muscle) forces. The mu...Figure 5.7 Example of the use of the parallel axis theorem. (a) The mass mom...Figure 5.8 Dynamic biomechanical example.

5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The displacement of the spring is proportional to the force appli...Figure 6.2 An undeformed object and the same object under tensile, compressi...Figure 6.3 Material stress–strain curve. A = proportional limit, B =...Figure 6.4 Relationship of stress and strain for a cortical bone at differen...Figure 6.5 Stress and strain responses of a viscoelastic solid to an increas...Figure 6.6 Stress‐relaxation response of a viscoelastic solid subjected to a...Figure 6.7 Hysteresis is evident in cyclic loading of a tendon at various pe...Figure 6.8 Model of the nonlinear stress–strain relationship in tendon and l...Figure 6.9 Scanning electron micrographs showing the mechanism of cartilage ...Figure 6.10 Ultimate stress values for femoral cortical bone samples from ma...Figure 6.11 Muscle strain response in tetanized and passive states.Figure 6.12 Physical stresses placed on peripheral nerves. Tensile stress ap...Figure 6.13 Correlation between biomechanical strain and incidence of endone...Figure 6.14 Core pullout and force‐strain profiles of core versus sheath. (a...

6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Fatigue failure data from ex vivo testing of human extensor digit...Figure 7.2 Inferred relationship between the knee pivot landing force (F) in...Figure 7.3 Comparison of S–N curves from studies assessing fatigue fai...Figure 7.4 Fatigue failure responses of spinal motion segments using combine...Figure 7.5 Grades of progressive internal disc disruption. Bogduk, N., April...Figure 7.6 Tensile fatigue failure responses of articular cartilage samples ...Figure 7.7 Multiple regression lines obtained by Carter, D., & Hayes, W. (19...Figure 7.8 The relationship between strain range and cycles to failure for b...Figure 7.9 Fatigue life of cortical bone in shear (R² = 0.89, p < 0.00001). ...Figure 7.10 Comparison of the fatigue characteristics of trabecular (group 1...Figure 7.11 Tendon and serum responses to performance of reaching and graspi...Figure 7.12 Experimental setup used by Fung et al. (2009) in their study of ...Figure 7.13 Imaging of the progressive tendon damage resulting from exposure...Figure 7.14 Cartilage responses in the distal radius (wrist) to the performa...Figure 7.15 Bone responses in the distal metaphysis of the radius to perform...Figure 7.16 Three levels of eccentric exercise used in Huangfu et al. (2018)...Figure 7.17 (a) The HF‐LR group demonstrated significant reductions in MIVC ...Figure 7.18 Expected force‐repetition interaction pattern for cumulative dam...Figure 7.19 Results of seven cross‐sectional epidemiological studies allowin...

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Biomechanical factors used in static biomechanical analysis model...Figure 8.2 Model of physical risk factors and their role in the fatigue fail...

8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Cyclic loading regimens: (a) completely reversed cyclic loading; ...Figure 9.2 Process of fatigue failure in a material, starting from surface n...Figure 9.3 Stress‐life (S–N) curve. Low‐cycle fatigue (characterized by repe...Figure 9.4 Difference in the proportion of time spent in damage nucleation, ...Figure 9.5 Hysteresis loop.Figure 9.6 Median life data for extensor digitorum longus tendon. Modified f...Figure 9.7 Goodman and Gerber estimates of constant fatigue life given the s...Figure 9.8 Hypothetical tendon loading with a stress amplitude (S _a ) of 15...Figure 9.9 The equivalent fully reversed load history to the nonzero mean st...Figure 9.10 (a) Tendon stress history for 30‐s work task; (b) Rainflow algor...Figure 9.11 Graphical depiction of the results of a spectrum loading history...Figure 9.12 Weibull plot for the EDL tendon fatigue loaded at 20% UTS.Figure 9.13 Example of a load history containing four loading cycles combine...

9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Data on fatigue microcrack damage to bone and subsequent healing...Figure 10.2 Simple model of the interplay between the kinetics of damage and...Figure 10.3 Material healing process in an engineered polymer.Figure 10.4 Stress Intensity Factor (K) associated with a loading regimen. K Figure 10.5 Fatigue life for healing agents with different healing kinetics ...Figure 10.6 Fatigue crack growth at a high material healing rate for two dif...Figure 10.7 Introduction of rest periods can extend the fatigue life of a ma...Figure 10.8 Mechanisms associated with the impaired healing response resulti...Figure 10.9 Effect of aging on the healing process.Figure 10.10 Effects of obesity on healing.Figure 10.11 An individual‐level model of the relationship of damage versus ...

10 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Relative time course of inflammatory cell, fibroblast recruitmen...Figure 11.2 Time‐course of the initiation and resolution of acute inflammati...Figure 11.3 M1 (pro‐inflammatory) versus M2 (anti‐inflammatory) macrophage p...Figure 11.4 A model depicting the long‐term effects of repeated tissue infla...Figure 11.5 A summary of the inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling pha...Figure 11.6 A comparison of the function of M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes ...Figure 11.7 Graphical representation of the morphological features in a heal...Figure 11.8 Phases and main events after muscle injury. The typical acute ph...Figure 11.9 Persistent inflammation with continued task performance. Pro‐inf...Figure 11.10 Phases of cartilage repair. The mechanisms underlying the degen...Figure 11.11 Primary initiating events of cartilage degeneration, contributo...Figure 11.12 Examples of microcracks in forearm bone occurring as a conseque...Figure 11.13 Phases of bone repair after a fracture.Figure 11.14 Fracture healing is a temporally defined process. (a) Fracture,...Figure 11.15 Main steps of Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration. Th...Figure 11.16 Main steps in the Wallerian degeneration.Figure 11.17 Schematic diagram demonstrating that interactions of force, rep...

11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Differences in areal bone mineral density in males and females t...Figure 12.2 Grading of osteoporosis damage accumulation. See text for grade ...

12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Proper measurement of the maximum horizontal distance during a s...Figure 13.2 Graphical user interface for the LiFFT.Figure 13.3 A screenshot of a LiFFT analysis for a mono‐task job.Figure 13.4 An example of a multi‐task lifting job analysis using LiFFT.Figure 13.5 Probability of high‐risk job for low back disorders (Zurada et a...Figure 13.6 Dose‐response relationships between the LiFFT Log CD measure and...Figure 13.7 A screenshot of the DUET tool analysis of a mono‐task job.Figure 13.8 A screenshot of the DUET tool for analyzing a multi‐task job.Figure 13.9 Dose‐response relationships observed between DUET's Log CD measu...Figure 13.10 Proper measurement of the distance from the shoulder joint to t...Figure 13.11 Illustration of measuring the lever arm for the left and right ...Figure 13.12 For pushing and pulling tasks, the lever arm may be a vertical ...Figure 13.13 A screenshot of ‘The Shoulder Tool’ for analyzing a monotask jo...Figure 13.14 Analysis of a monotask two‐handed lift with even weight distrib...Figure 13.15 A screenshot of The Shoulder Tool for analyzing a multi‐task jo...Figure 13.16 Logistic regression models for The Shoulder Tool Log CD measure...

13 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Systemic and local risk factors for osteoarthritis.Figure 15.2 Conceptual model of the factors that impact tissue health in mus...Figure 15.3 The multifactorial determinants of elderly nerve and musculoskel...

14 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Model of musculoskeletal tissue thresholds.