Читать книгу Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases - Sina Ebnesajjad - Страница 3

1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Examples of commercial fluorochemicals.

2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Examples of various acyclic alkane fluorocarbons.Table 2.2 Examples of main commercial classes of fluorocarbons [7].Table 2.3 List of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants [8].Table 2.4 List of Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants [8].Table 2.5 Main applications for HFC and PFC substitutes1 for Ozone Depleting Flu...Table 2.6 Propene series isomers [10].Table 2.7 Effect of increasing fluorine content in polymers.Table 2.8 Fundamental properties of polytetrafluoroethylene.

3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Atomic properties of fluorine and other elements [4].Table 3.2 Atomic properties of fluorine and other elements [4].Table 3.3 Typical physical properties of hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric acid...

4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Applications of commercial Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).Table 4.2 Highest consumption Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC).Table 4.3 Highest consumption Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC).Table 4.4 Highest consumption Hydrofluoroolefins (HFO).Table 4.5 Consumption of fluorocarbons in the United States, Canada, and Mexico,...Table 4.6 Classification of refrigerants according to the American Society of He...Table 4.7 Breakdown of fluorocarbon consumption as refrigerants and potential su...Table 4.8 Consumption of fluorocarbons as monomers for manufacturing fluoropolym...Table 4.9 Alternative blowing agents to fluorocarbons for polymer foam manufactu...Table 4.10 Polymer types and applications of blown foams [14].Table 4.11 Estimates of consumption of fluorocarbon blowing agents in 2002 and 2...Table 4.12 Common commercial aerosol propellants beyond HFC’s [19].Table 4.13 Halon replacement cut-off dates [24].Table 4.14 Properties of halotron BrXTM [25].Table 4.15 Properties of NovecTM 1230 fire protection fluid [27].Tables 4.16 Plastic Compatibility with VertrelTM MCA after immersion for 15 minu...Tables 4.17 Elastomer compatibility with VertexTM MCA after immersion for 1 week...Table 14.18 Environmental properties of Vertrel* XF [36].Table 14.19 Physical, environmental, and safety properties of Opteon™ SF33 [38].Table 4.20 Solubility of typical silicone fluids in Vertrel™ X-Si at room temper...Table 4.21 Properties of hexafluoroethane (R116).Table 4.22 Properties of fluoroform (R23).Table 4.23 Properties of octafluorocyclobutane (RC318).Table 4.24 Properties of hexafluorobutadiene.Table 4.25 Fluoro-ether anesthetics [52].Table 4.26 GWP-weighted” breakdown of HCFCs and HFC consumption expressed in ton...

5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Examples of candidate refrigerants with low ozone depletion potential ...Table 5.2 Comparison of first law efficiency in terms of COP of both systems [6]...Table 5.3 Examples of refrigerants types with low or zero ODP [9].

6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Name and ASHRAE codes of chlorofluorocarbons [4].Table 6.2 Name and ASHRAE codes of hydrochlorofluorocarbons [4].Table 6.3 Name and ASHRAE codes of hydrochlorofluorocarbons [4].Table 6.4 Name and ASHRAE codes of hydrochlorofluorocarbons [4].Table 6.5 Name and ASHRAE codes of hydrofluorocarbons [4].Table 6.6 Name and ASHRAE codes of hydrofluoro-olefins [4].Table 6.7 Product composition of conversion of chlorofiuorocarbons vs reaction t...Table 6.8 HCFC and HFC replacements for CFCs [21].Table 6.9 Examples of reaction conditions for HCFC preparation and product compo...Table 6.10 Examples of reaction conditions and their impact on conversion and pr...Table 6.11 Elemental analysis of the catalyst by x-ray photoelectron spectroscop...Table 6.12 Conversion rate of the isomerization of HCFC-123a to HCFC-123, [42].Table 6.13 Conversion rate of HCFC-124a to HCFC-124 using a catalytic liquid-pha...Table 6.14 Ratio of HCFC-124/HCFC-124a in a catalytic gas phase process [46].Table 6.15 Results of Conversion of HFC R-134 to HFC R-134a using a fluorinated ...Table 6.16 Results of fluorination of trichloroethylene with HCFC-133a Recycle [...Table 6.17 Analysis of products of hydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropr...Table 6.18 Conversion of 2,2,3-trichloro-1,1,1,3,3 pentafluoropropane to 1,1,1,3...Table 6.19 Analysis of reaction products of chlorofluuorination of 1,1,1,3 hydro...Table 6.20 ASHRAE Legend key for halocarbons in Table 6.19 [56].Table 6.21 Perfluorinated alkane compounds [76],

7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Highest consumption chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).Table 7.2 Highest consumption hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC).Table 7.3 Highest consumption hydrofluorocarbons (HFC).Table 7.4 Highest consumption hydrofluoroolefins (HFO).Table 7.5 Properties of R-11 - Trichloromonofluoromethane.Table 7.6 Properties of R-12 - Dichlorodifluoromethane.Table 7.7 Properties of R-13 - Chlorotrifluoromethane.Table 7.8 Properties of R - 113 - Trichloromonofluoromethane.Table 7.9 Properties of R-114 – 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-ethane.Table 7.10 Properties of R-115 – 1-chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane.Table 7.11 Properties of R-123 - 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane.Table 7.12 Properties of R-124 - 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.Table 7.13 Properties of R-125 – 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane.Table 7.14 Properties of R-142b - 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.Table 7.15 Properties of R-21 - dichlorofluoromethane.Table 7.16 Properties of R-22 - chlorodifluoromethane.Table 7.17 Properties of R-225ca - 1,1-dichloro-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane.Table 7.18 Properties of R-225cb - 1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane.Table 7.19 Properties of R-23 – Trifluoromethane.Table 7.20 Properties of R-32 - Difluoromethane.Table 7.21 Properties of R-134a – 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.Table 7.22 Properties of R-143a – 1,1,1-trifluoroethane.Table 7.23 Properties of R-152a – 1,1-difluoroethane.Table 7.24 Properties of R-227ea – 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane.Table 7.25 Properties of R-245fa – 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane.Table 7.26 Properties of R-365mfc – 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane.Table 7.27 Properties of R-43-10mee – 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane.Table 7.28 Properties of R- 1132a - 1,1-difluoroethylene.Table 7.29 Properties of R-1234yf–2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.Table 7.30 Properties of R-1233zd – trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene.Table 7.31 Properties of R-1234ze – 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.Table 7.32 Properties of R-1243zf – 3,3,3-trifluoropropene.Table 7.33 Properties of R-1327 – 1,1,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutene.Table 7.34 Properties of R-1336mzz-Z – cis-1,1,1,4,4,4–hexafluoro-2-butene.Table 7.35 Properties of R-1345zfc Pentafluoro-1-butene.

8 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Main commercial classes of fluorocarbons.Table 8.2 Main applications for HFC and PFC substitutes for ODS [1].Table 8.3 ODPs and GWPs of the main commercial classes of fluorocarbons [3].Table 8.4 Ozone depleting potential values of CFC’s and Halon’s classified accor...Table 8.5 Atmospheric lifetimes, global emissions, ODP, and global warming poten...Table 8.6 Global warming potentials (GWP) for some representative compounds [19–...Table 8.7 Schedule of phase-out of HCFC’s according to the US EPA [35].Table 8.8 U.S. action to meet the Montreal protocol phaseout schedule [36].

9 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Composition (%) of substitute refrigerant blends [2].Table 9.2 Azeotropic blends (500 series refrigerants) characteristics and allowa...Table 9.3 Azeotropic Blends (500 series refrigerants) characteristics and allowa...Table 9.4 Zeotropic blends (400 series refrigerants) characteristics and allowab...Table 9.5 Zeotropic blends (400 series refrigerants) characteristics and allowab...Table 9.6 Zeotropic blends (400 series refrigerants) characteristics and allowab...Table 9.7 Zeotropic blends (400 series refrigerants) characteristics and allowab...Table 9.8 Zeotropic blends (400 series refrigerants) characteristics and allowab...Table 9.9 Zeotropic blends (400 series refrigerants) characteristics and allowab...Table 9.10 Zeotropic blends (400 series refrigerants) characteristics and allowa...Table 9.11 Zeotropic blends (400 series refrigerants) characteristics and allowa...Table 9.12 Zeotropic blends (400 series refrigerants) characteristics and allowa...Table 9.13 Zeotropic blends (400 series refrigerants) characteristics and allowa...Table 9.14 HFOs and HFO/HFC Blends [10].

10 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Substitutes in household refrigerators and freezers.Table 10.2 Substitutes in refrigerated transport.Table 10.3 Substitutes in retail food refrigeration.Table 10.4 Passenger air conditioning in light-duty, medium-duty, heavy-duty and...

11 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Examples of proliferation of fluorocarbons in the last ~100 years.Table 11.2 The impact of four generations of refrigerants on ozone depletion and...Table 11.3 Properties of first generation refrigerants [4].Table 11.4 Application ranges of natural refrigerants [2].Table 11.5 Properties of second generation refrigerants [11].Table 11.6 Properties of the third generation refrigerants (NBP = Normal Boiling...Table 11.7 Chemical composition of fluorinated hydrocarbons [15].Table 11.8 Examples of hydrofluoroolefins.Table 11.9 Examples of boiling points of HFO refrigerants.Table 11.10 Range of global warming potential of the second, third and fourth ge...Table 11.11 Physical properties of HFO-1123 and HFO-1234yf refrigerants [18].Table 11.12 Safety groups & flammability test requirements per ANSI/ASHRAE stand...Figure 11.3 Safety groups & flammability test requirements ANSI/ASHRAE standard ...Table 11.13 Composition of R-448A is an example of HFO and HFC blend for commerc...Table 11.14 Properties of R-448A (HFO and HFC blend) [21].Table 11.15 Physical properties of HFO-1123 and HFO-1234yf refrigerant mixtures ...Table 11.16 Standard parameters of some ASHREA natural refrigerant candidates - ...Table 11.17 Natural and other alternative refrigerant characteristics [2].Table 11.18 Applications of natural refrigerants [27].Table 11.19 Properties of natural refrigerants indicating high saturation pressu...Table 11.20 General safety properties and characteristics of some synthetic and ...