Читать книгу Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases - Sina Ebnesajjad - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Depiction of Dobson Unit for ozone quantitative measurement [6].Figure 1.2 Granted patents related to HFO-1234yf [8].Figure 1.3 Global refrigerant usage, by application [8].Figure 1.4 Global vapor compression refrigerant types [8].Figure 1.5 Global refrigerants for all applications [8].Figure 1.6 Groupings of refrigerants by GWP [8].Figure 1.7 Breakdown (2018) of worldwide consumption of fluoropolymers by Type [...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Two examples of isomeric hydrofluorooelefin [10].

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Photographs of fluorine minerals: (a) fluorspar, (b) fluorapatite, an...Figure 3.2 Historical US imports and prices of acid grade fluorspar [7].Figure 3.3 Global mined quantities of acid-grade fluorspar during 1993 to 2016 [...Figure 3.4 Annual U.S. import quantities of acid-grade fluorspar (“acidspar”), 1...Figure 3.5 U.S. imports of hydrofluoric acid, 1993–2016 [8].Figure 3.6 Hydrofluoric acid manufacturing process flow diagram [14].Figure 3.7 Two reactions to prepare 1,1,1 trifluoro-2, fluorodichloroethane [23]...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Global refrigerant market volume by application in 2016 [3].Figure 4.2 Example of large oil-free compressor [TurboCor® Compressor, Courtesy ...Figure 4.3 Routes to manufacturing of select fluoropolymers [6].Figure 4.4 Examples of cellular solids: (a) open-cell polyurethane foam (b) clos...Figure 4.5 Examples of evolution of fluorocarbon used for foam blowing [13].Figure 4.6 Schematic diagram of the Dunlop polyurethane flexible foam process [1...Figure 4.7 Schematic of the cut-away of the construction of aerosol can [17].Figure 4.8 Comparison of fire-extinguishing and suppressing agents for engines [...Figure 4.9 Chemical structure of hexafluorobutadiene.Figure 4.10 Breakdown of HCFCs and HFC consumption in applications by mass [60].Figure 4.11 “GWP-weighted” breakdown of HCFCs and HFC consumption expressed in t...Figure 4.12 Breakdown of RACHP applications based on the depiction in Figure 4.1...Figure 4.13 Decrease in the average GWP in the EU market – POM= placing on the m...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Illustration of a Carnot cycle on a PV diagram – depicting the work d...Figure 5.2 Illustration of a Carnot cycle operating as a heat engine on a temper...Figure 5.3 A comparison of operating steps of refrigerator (R) and a heat pump (...Figure 5.4 Major components of reversed Carnot cycle and temperature (T) vs ent...Figure 5.5 Schematic diagram of an Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Ternary chemical composition diagram of methane-based chlorofluorocar...Figure 6.2 Ternary composition diagram of ethane-based chlorofluorocarbons.Figure 6.3 Ternary composition diagram of propane-based chlorofluorocarbons.Figure 6.4 Chemical formulas of actual methane based fluorocarbons along with th...Figure 6.5 Chemical formulas of actual ethane based fluorocarbons along with the...Figure 6.6 Schematic of the direct halogen exchange process for CFC preparation.Figure 6.7 Chemical structure of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) catal...Figure 6.8 Reaction schemes to produce HFO-1243 using chlorofluoropropenes [67].

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Primary sources of stratospheric chlorine in early 1990’s [2].Figure 8.2 Phase-down plan of HCFC for developed countries (non-Article 5) and d...Figure 8.3 Size of the ozone hole over Antarctica during 1996-2012 [7].Figure 8.4 Image from the Antarctic Ozone Hole (blue hue) - the average area of ...Figure 8.5 Image from the Antarctic Ozone Hole (blue hue) in which the Hole at 1...Figure 8.6 Chemical structures of three allotropes of Oxygen.Figure 8.7 O₃ is naturally produced in the stratosphere by a two-step reactive p...Figure 8.8 Main steps in stratospheric depletion of O₃ [11].Figure 8.9 Ozone destruction in tropical and middle latitude (Cycle 1) [15].Figure 8.10 Ozone destruction cycles in polar regions (Cycles 2 and 3) [11].Figure 8.11 Comparison of (a) ODP and (b) GWP of various fluorocarbon refrigeran...

8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Comparison of Evaporating and condensing behavior of Azeotropic and Z...Figure 9.2 Evaporating and condensing behavior of zeotropic blends [8].

9 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Refrigeration demand in its four applications [1].Figure 11.2 Refrigerants – historical development [2].Figure 11.4 Effect of HFC-32 on the LFL of the mixture with HFOs [18].Figure 11.5 Effect of HFC-32 on the GWP of the blends with HFOs [18].Figure 11.6 The drop-in test results of HFO-1123 mixed refrigerants [24].Figure 11.7 Refrigerant classification of CO₂ pressure-enthalpy diagram [29].