Читать книгу Industrial Environmental Management - Tapas K. Das - Страница 148

In the common law, the primary protection was found in the law of nuisance, but this only allowed for private actions for damages or injunctions if there was harm to land. Thus, smells emanating from pig sties (Aldred's Case 1610), strict liability against dumping rubbish (R v. Stephens 1866), or damage from exploding dams (Rylands v. Fletcher 1898). Private enforcement, however, was limited and found to be woefully inadequate to deal with major environmental threats, particularly threats to common resources.

 1306, Edward I briefly banned coal fires in London.

 John Evelyn, Fumifugium (1661) argued for burning fragrant wood instead of mineral coal, which he believed would reduce coughing.

 Ballad of Gresham College (1661) describes how the smoke “does our lungs and spirits choke, Our hanging spoil, and rust our iron.”

 In 1800, 1 million T of coal were burned in London, and 15 million across the United Kingdom.

 Smoke Nuisance Abatement (Metropolis) Act 1853.

 John Snow in 1854 discovered that the water pump on Broad Street, Soho, was responsible for 616 cholera deaths because it was contaminated by an old cesspit leaking fecal bacteria. Germ theory of disease began to replace miasma theory that had lingered since the Black Death.

During the “Great Stink” of 1858, the dumping of sewerage into the River Thames began to smell so ghastly in the summer heat that Parliament had to be evacuated. Ironically, the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848 had allowed the Metropolitan Commission for Sewers to close cesspits around the city in an attempt to “clean up,” but this simply led people to pollute the river. In 19 days, Parliament passed a further Act to build the London sewerage system.

 Alkali Act 1863 and Alkali Act 1874, amended 1906

 WS Jevons, The Coal Question; An Inquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal Mines (1865)

 Ground Game Act 1880, Night Poaching Act 1828, Game Act 1831, game preservation

 James Johnston (socialist politician), president of the Smoke Abatement League, international conference in 1911

London also suffered from terrible air pollution, and this culminated in the “Great Smog” of 1952, which in turn triggered its own legislative response: the Clean Air Act 1956. The basic regulatory structure was to set limits on emissions for households and business (particularly burning coal), while an inspectorate would enforce compliance. It required zones for smokeless fuel to be burned and relocated power stations.

 Clean Air Act 1968 required tall chimneys to disperse pollution.