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_#_Infant mortality rate: 33 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 72 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Chinese (sing., pl.); adjective—Chinese

_#_Ethnic divisions: Han Chinese 93.3%; Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 6.7%

_#_Religion: officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic; most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; Muslim 2–3%, Christian 1% (est.)

_#_Language: Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see ethnic divisions)

_#_Literacy: 73% (male 84%, female 62%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 553,000,000; agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%, construction and mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1989 est.)

_#_Organized labor: All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party; membership over 80 million or about 65% of the urban work force (1985)

_*Government #_Long-form name: People's Republic of China; abbreviated PRC

_#_Type: Communist Party-led state

_#_Capital: Beijing

_#_Administrative divisions: 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural); Anhui, Beijing**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai**, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin**, Xinjiang*, Xizang*, Yunnan, Zhejiang; note—China considers Taiwan its 23rd province

_#_Independence: unification under the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty 221 BC, Qing (Ch'ing or Manchu) Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912, People's Republic established 1 October 1949

_#_Constitution: 4 December 1982

_#_Legal system: a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law

_#_National holiday: National Day, 1 October (1949)

_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, premier, five vice premiers, State Council

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto)—DENG

Xiaoping (since mid-1977);

Chief of State—President YANG Shangkun (since 8 April 1988);

Vice President WANG Zhen (since 8 April 1988);

Head of Government—Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since

24 November 1987, Premier since 9 April 1988);

Vice Premier YAO Yilin (since 2 July 1979);

Vice Premier TIAN Jiyun (since 20 June 1983);

Vice Premier WU Xueqian (since 12 April 1988);

Vice Premier ZOU Jiahua (since 8 April 1991);

Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since 8 April 1991)

_#_Political parties and leaders: only party—Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general secretary of the Central Committee (since NA June 1989)

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held 8 April 1988 (next to be held March 1993);

YANG Shangkun was nominally elected by the Seventh National People's

Congress;

National People's Congress—last held NA March 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results—CCP is the only party but there are also independents; seats—(2,976 total) CCP and independents 2,976 (indirectly elected at county or xian level)

_#_Communists: 49,000,000 party members (1990 est.)

_#_Other political or pressure groups: such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually within the party and government organization, that vary by issue

_#_Member of: AfDB, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO,

ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UN Security

Council, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador ZHU Qizhen; Chancery at 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 328–2500 through 2502; there are Chinese Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco;

US—Ambassador James R. LILLEY; Embassy at Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3,

Beijing (mailing address is 100600, PRC Box 50, Beijing or FPO San

Francisco 96655–0001); telephone [86] (1) 532–3831; there are US

Consulates General in Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenyang

_#_Flag: red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner

_*Economy #_Overview: Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more productive and flexible economy with market elements—but still within the framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agriculture in the early 1980s. Otherwise, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and thereby undermining the credibility of the reform process. Popular resistance and changes in central policy have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to the nation's long-term economic viability.

_#_GNP: $413 billion (1989 est.), per capita $370 (World Bank est.); real growth rate 5% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.1% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 2.6% in urban areas (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

_#_Exports: $62.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum, minerals;

partners—Hong Kong, US, Japan, USSR, Singapore, FRG (1989)

_#_Imports: $53.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel, textile yarn, fertilizer;

partners—Hong Kong, Japan, US, FRG, USSR (1989)

_#_External debt: $51 billion (1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 7.6% (1990); accounts for 45% of GNP

_#_Electricity: 117,580,000 kW capacity; 585,000 million kWh produced, 520 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum, cement, chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 8 million metric tons in 1986

_#_Economic aid: donor—to less developed countries (1970–89) $7.0 billion; US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–87), $13.5 billion

_#_Currency: yuan (plural—yuan); 1 yuan (3) = 10 jiao

_#_Exchange rates: yuan (3) per US$1—5.31 (April 1991), 4.7832 (1990), 3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988), 3.7221 (1987), 3.4528 (1986), 2.9367 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: total about 54,000 km common carrier lines; 53,400 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 600 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 11,200 km double track on standard-gauge lines; 6,500 km electrified; 10,000 km industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters)

_#_Highways: about 980,000 km all types roads; 162,000 km paved roads, 617,200 km gravel/improved earth roads, 200,800 km unimproved natural earth roads and tracks

_#_Inland waterways: 138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable

_#_Pipelines: crude, 6,500 km; refined products, 1,100 km; natural gas, 6,200 km

_#_Ports: Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang, Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, Shantou

_#_Merchant marine: 1,421 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,010,317 GRT/21,223,170 DWT; includes 24 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 19 passenger-cargo, 7 cargo/training, 776 cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 70 container, 17 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 multifunction barge carrier, 181 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 250 bulk, 2 liquefied gas, 2 vehicle carrier, 9 combination bulk; note—China beneficially owns an additional 183 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 5,921,000 DWT that operate under Maltese and Liberian registry

_#_Airports: 330 total, 330 usable; 260 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 10 with runways over 3,500 m; 90 with runways 2,440–3,659 m; 200 with runways 1,220–2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: domestic and international services are increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December 1989); stations—274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 relays) TV; more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth stations—4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, and 55 domestic

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Chinese People's Liberation Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy (including Marines), CPLA Air Force, Chinese People's Armed Police

_#_Manpower availability: males 15–49, 335,382,062; 187,046,680 fit for military service; 10,967,622 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GNP % @Christmas Island (territory of Australia) *Geography #_Total area: 135 km2; land area: 135 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 138.9 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 12 nm;

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 3 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds

_#_Terrain: steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau

_#_Natural resources: phosphate

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

_#_Environment: almost completely surrounded by a reef

_#_Note: located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean

_*People #_Population: 2,278 (July 1991), growth rate NA% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Christmas Islander(s), adjective—Christmas Island

_#_Ethnic divisions: Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%; no indigenous population

_#_Religion: Buddhist 36.1%, Muslim 25.4%, Christian 17.7% (Roman Catholic 8.2%, Church of England 3.2%, Presbyterian 0.9%, Uniting Church 0.4%, Methodist 0.2%, Baptist 0.1%, and other 4.7%), none 12.7%, unknown 4.6%, other 3.5% (1981)

_#_Language: English

_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)

_#_Labor force: NA; all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining Company of Christmas Island, Ltd.

_#_Organized labor: NA

_*Government #_Long-form name: Territory of Christmas Island

_#_Type: territory of Australia

_#_Capital: The Settlement

_#_Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)

_#_Independence: none (territory of Australia)

_#_Constitution: Christmas Island Act of 1958

_#_Legal system: under the authority of the governor general of Australia

_#_National holiday: NA

_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Advisory Council (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: none

_#_Judicial branch: none

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);

Head of Government—Administrator AD TAYLOR (since NA)

_#_Communists: none

_#_Member of: none

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia)

_#_Flag: the flag of Australia is used

_*Economy #_Overview: Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine as no longer economically viable. Plans have been under way to reopen the mine and also to build a casino and hotel to develop tourism, with a possible opening date during the first half of 1992.

_#_GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

_#_Unemployment rate: 0%

_#_Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

_#_Exports: $NA;

commodities—phosphate;

partners—Australia, NZ

_#_Imports: $NA;

commodities—NA;

partners—NA

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 11,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 13,170 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: phosphate extraction (near depletion)

_#_Agriculture: NA

_#_Economic aid: none

_#_Currency: Australian dollar (plural—dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1—1.2834 (January 1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

_*Communications #_Ports: Flying Fish Cove

_#_Airports: 1 usable with permanent-surface runway 1,220–2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: 4,000 radios (1982)

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia % @Clipperton Island (French possession) *Geography #_Total area: 7 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 12 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 11.1 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: claimed by Mexico

_#_Climate: tropical

_#_Terrain: coral atoll

_#_Natural resources: none

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other (coral) 100%

_#_Environment: reef about 8 km in circumference

_#_Note: located 1,120 km southwest of Mexico in the North Pacific Ocean; also called Ile de la Passion

_*People #_Population: uninhabited

_*Government #_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: French possession administered from French Polynesia by High Commissioner of the Republic Jean MONTPEZAT; note—may have become a dependency of French Polynesia

_*Economy #_Overview: only economic activity is a tuna fishing station

_*Communications #_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of France % @Cocos (Keeling) Islands (territory of Australia) *Geography #_Total area: 14 km2; land area: 14 km2; main islands are West Island and Home Island

_#_Comparative area: about 24 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 42.6 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 3 nm

_#_Climate: pleasant, modified by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year; moderate rainfall

_#_Terrain: flat, low-lying coral atolls

_#_Natural resources: fish

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

_#_Environment: two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation

_#_Note: located 1,070 km southwest of Sumatra (Indonesia) in the Indian Ocean about halfway between Australia and Sri Lanka

_*People #_Population: 684 (July 1991), growth rate NEGL% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Cocos Islander(s); adjective—Cocos Islander(s)

_#_Ethnic divisions: mostly Europeans on West Island and Cocos Malays on Home Island

_#_Religion: almost all Sunni Muslims

_#_Language: English

_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)

_#_Labor force: NA

_#_Organized labor: none

_*Government #_Long-form name: Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands

_#_Type: territory of Australia

_#_Capital: West Island

_#_Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)

_#_Independence: none (territory of Australia)

_#_Constitution: Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955

_#_Legal system: based upon the laws of Australia and local laws

_#_National holiday: NA

_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, chairman of the Islands Council

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Islands Council

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);

Head of Government—Administrator D. LAWRIE (since NA 1989);

Chairman of the Islands Council Parson Bin YAPAT (since NA)

_#_Suffrage: NA

_#_Elections: NA

_#_Member of: none

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia)

_#_Flag: the flag of Australia is used

_*Economy #_Overview: Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop. Copra and fresh coconuts are the major export earners. Small local gardens and fishing contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other necessities must be imported from Australia.

_#_GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

_#_Unemployment: NA

_#_Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

_#_Exports: $NA;

commodities—copra;

partners—Australia

_#_Imports: $NA;

commodities—foodstuffs;

partners—Australia

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 1,000 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, 2,980 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: copra products

_#_Agriculture: gardens provide vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts

_#_Economic aid: none

_#_Currency: Australian dollar (plural—dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1—1.2834 (January 1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

_*Communications #_Ports: none; lagoon anchorage only

_#_Airports: 1 airfield with permanent-surface runway, 1,220–2,439 m; airport on West Island is a link in service between Australia and South Africa

_#_Telecommunications: 250 radios (1985); linked by telephone, telex, and facsimile communications via satellite with Australia; stations—1 AM, no FM, no TV

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia % @Colombia *Geography #_Total area: 1,138,910 km2; land area: 1,038,700 km2; includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and Serranilla Bank

_#_Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Montana

_#_Land boundaries: 7,408 km total; Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900, Venezuela 2,050 km

_#_Coastline: 3,208 km total (1,448 km North Pacific Ocean; 1,760 Caribbean Sea)

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: not specified;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela; territorial dispute with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank

_#_Climate: tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands

_#_Terrain: mixture of flat coastal lowlands, plains in east, central highlands, some high mountains

_#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds

_#_Land use: arable land 4%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and woodland 49%; other 16%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; deforestation; soil damage from overuse of pesticides; periodic droughts

_#_Note: only South American country with coastlines on both North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea

_*People #_Population: 33,777,550 (July 1991), growth rate 2.1% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 37 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 74 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.8 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Colombian(s); adjective—Colombian

_#_Ethnic divisions: mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Indian 3%, Indian 1%

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 95%

_#_Language: Spanish

_#_Literacy: 87% (male 88%, female 86%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 11,000,000 (1986); services 53%, agriculture 26%, industry 21% (1981)

_#_Organized labor: 1,400,000 members (1987), about 12% of labor force; the Communist-backed Unitary Workers Central or CUT is the largest labor organization, with about 725,000 members (including all affiliate unions)

_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of Colombia

_#_Type: republic; executive branch dominates government structure

_#_Capital: Bogota

_#_Administrative divisions: 23 departments (departamentos, singular—departamento), 5 commissariats* (comisarias, singular—comisaria), and 4 intendancies** (intendencias, singular—intendencia); Amazonas*, Antioquia, Arauca**, Atlantico, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare**, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia*, Guaviare*, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo**, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y Providencia**, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes*, Vichada*; note—there may be a new special district (distrito especial) named Bogota; the Constitution of 5 July 1991 states that the commissariats and intendancies are to become full departments and a capital district (distrito capital) of Santa Fe de Bogota is to be established by 1997

_#_Independence: 20 July 1810 (from Spain)

_#_Constitution: 5 July 1991

_#_Legal system: based on Spanish law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 20 July (1810)

_#_Executive branch: president, presidential designate, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of a nationally elected upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a regionally elected lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives (Camara de Representantes)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President Cesar

GAVIRIA Trujillo (since 7 August 1990)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party (PL), Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo, president, and Alfonso LOPEZ Michelsen, party head; Social Conservative Party (PCS), Misael PASTRANA Borrero; National Salvation Movement (MSN), Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado; Democratic Alliance (AD) is headed by 19th of April Movement (M-19) leader Antonio NAVARRO Wolf, coalition of small leftist parties and dissident liberals and conservatives; Patriotic Union (UP), is a legal political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and Colombian Communist Party (PCC), Carlos ROMERO

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held 27 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994);

results—Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo (Liberal) 47%, Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado

(National Salvation Movement) 24%, Antonio NAVARRO Wolff (M-19) 13%,

Rodrigo LLOREDA (Conservative) 12%;

Senate—last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held 27 October 1991); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(114 total) Liberal 72, Conservative 40, UP 1, vacant 1;

Chamber of Representatives last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held 27 October 1991); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(199 total) Liberal 122, Conservative 68, UP 3, M-19 1, other 5; note—on 5 July 1991 the new Constitution dissolved Congress and replaced it with a multiparty 36-member legislative commission until a new congress, to be elected on 27 October 1991, takes office on 1 December 1991

_#_Communists: 18,000 members (est.), including Communist Party Youth Organization (JUCO)

_#_Other political or pressure groups: three insurgent groups are active in Colombia—Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), led by Manuel MARULANDA and Alfonso CANO; National Liberation Army (ELN), led by Manuel PEREZ; and dissidents of the recently demobilized People's Liberation Army (EPL) led by Francisco CARABALLO

_#_Member of: AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-24, G-77, GATT,

IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS,

NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,

UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jaime GARCIA Parra; Chancery at 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387–8338; there are Colombian Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Ft. Lauderdale, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Tampa;

US—Ambassador-designate Morris D. BUSBY; Embassy at Calle 38,

No.8–61, Bogota (mailing address is P. O. Box A. A. 3831, Bogota or

APO Miami 34038); telephone [57] (1) 285–1300 or 1688; there is a US

Consulate in Barranquilla

_#_Flag: three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; similar to the flag of Ecuador which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center

_*Economy #_Overview: Economic development has slowed gradually since 1986, but growth rates remain high by Latin American standards. Conservative economic policies have kept inflation and unemployment near 30% and 10%, respectively. The rapid development of oil, coal, and other nontraditional industries over the past four years has helped to offset the decline in coffee prices—Colombia's major export. The collapse of the International Coffee Agreement in the summer of 1989, a troublesome rural insurgency, and drug-related violence dampen prospects for future growth.

_#_GDP: $43.0 billion, per capita $1,300; real growth rate 3.7% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 32.4% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 10.4% (urban areas 1990) (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $4.39 billion; current expenditures $3.93 billion, capital expenditures $1.03 billion (1989 est.)

_#_Exports: $6.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—coffee 24%, petroleum, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers;

partners—US 36%, EC 21%, Japan 5%, Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3%

_#_Imports: $5.0 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—industrial equipment, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, paper products;

partners—US 34%, EC 16%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 3%, Japan 3%

_#_External debt: $16.7 billion (1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 5.0% (1990 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 9,435,000 kW capacity; 36,071 million kWh produced, 1,090 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, metal products, cement; mining—gold, coal, emeralds, iron, nickel, silver, salt

_#_Agriculture: growth rate 4.9% (1990); accounts for 22% of GDP; crops make up two-thirds and livestock one-third of agricultural output; climate and soils permit a wide variety of crops, such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa beans, oilseeds, vegetables; forest products and shrimp farming are becoming more important

_#_Illicit drugs: major illicit producer of cannabis and coca; key supplier of marijuana and cocaine to the US and other international drug markets; drug production and trafficking accounts for an estimated 4% of GDP and 28% of foreign exchange earnings

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–89), $1.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–88), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970–89), $399 million

_#_Currency: Colombian peso (plural—pesos); 1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos

_#_Exchange rates: Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1—574.09 (January 1991), 502.24 (1990), 382.57 (1989), 299.17 (1988), 242.61 (1987), 194.26 (1986), 142.31 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 3,386 km; 3,236 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track (2,611 km in use), 150 km 1.435-meter gauge

_#_Highways: 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces

_#_Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by river boats

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined products, 1,350 km; natural gas, 830 km; natural gas liquids, 125 km

_#_Ports: Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, San Andres, Santa Marta, Tumaco

_#_Merchant marine: 35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 330,316 GRT/484,351 DWT; includes 23 cargo, 1 chemical tanker, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 8 bulk; note—2 naval tankers are sometimes used commercially

_#_Civil air: 106 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 1,165 total, 1,045 usable; 69 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440–3,659 m; 192 with runways 1,220–2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: nationwide radio relay system; 1,890,000 telephones; stations—413 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 28 shortwave 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations with 2 antennas and 11 domestic satellite stations

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia), National Police (Policia Nacional)

_#_Manpower availability: males 15–49, 8,998,759; 6,102,745 fit for military service; 353,122 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $892 million, 2.2% of GDP (1990) % @Comoros *Geography #_Total area: 2,170 km2; land area: 2,170 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 340 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: claims French-administered Mayotte

_#_Climate: tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

_#_Terrain: volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills

_#_Natural resources: negligible

_#_Land use: arable land 35%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and woodland 16%; other 34%

_#_Environment: soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; cyclones possible during rainy season

_#_Note: important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel

_*People #_Population: 476,678 (July 1991), growth rate 3.5% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 87 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 59 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Comoran(s); adjective—Comoran

_#_Ethnic divisions: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

_#_Religion: Sunni Muslim 86%, Roman Catholic 14%

_#_Language: Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dialect), Malagasy, French

_#_Literacy: 48% (male 56%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

_#_Labor force: 140,000 (1982); agriculture 80%, government 3%; 51% of population of working age (1985)

_#_Organized labor: NA

_*Government #_Long-form name: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros

_#_Type: independent republic

_#_Capital: Moroni

_#_Administrative divisions: 3 islands; Anjouan, Grande Comore, Moheli; note—there may also be 4 municipalities named Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and Mutsamudu

_#_Independence: 6 July 1975 (from France)

_#_Constitution: 1 October 1978, amended October 1982 and January 1985

_#_Legal system: French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 6 July (1975)

_#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Federal Assembly (Assemblee Federale)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President Said

Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990)

_#_Political parties:

Comoran Union for Progress (Udzima), Said Mohamed DJOHAR, president;

National Union for Democracy (UNDC), Mohamed TAKI

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results—Said Mohamed DJOHAR (Udzima) 55%; Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim (UNDC) 45%;

Federal Assembly—last held 22 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(42 total) Udzima 42

_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Amini Ali MOUMIN; Chancery (temporary) at the Comoran Permanent Mission to the UN, 336 East 45th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 972–8010;

US—Ambassador Kenneth N. PELTIER; Embassy at address NA, Moroni (mailing address B. P. 1318, Moroni); telephone 73–22-03, 73–29-22

_#_Flag: green with a white crescent placed diagonally (closed side of the crescent points to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag); there are four white five-pointed stars placed in a line between the points of the crescent; the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago—Mwali, Njazidja, Nzwani, and Mayotte (which is a territorial collectivity of France, but claimed by the Comoros)

_*Economy #_Overview: One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of several islands that have poor transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the labor force contributes to a low level of economic activity, high unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is the leading sector of the economy. It contributes about 40% to GDP, employs 80% of the labor force, and provides most of the exports. The country is not self-sufficient in food production, and rice, the main staple, accounts for 90% of imports. During the period 1982–86 the industrial sector grew at an annual average rate of 5.3%, but its contribution to GDP was only 5% in 1988. Despite major investment in the tourist industry, which accounts for about 25% of GDP, growth has stagnated since 1983. A sluggish growth rate of 1.5% during 1985–90 has led to large budget deficits, declining incomes, and balance-of-payments difficulties.

_#_GDP: $245 million, per capita $530; real growth rate 1.5% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.9% (1989)

_#_Unemployment rate: over 16% (1988 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $88 million; expenditures $92 million, including capital expenditures of $13 million (1990 est.)

_#_Exports: $16 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities—vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, copra;

partners—US 53%, France 41%, Africa 4%, FRG 2% (1988)

_#_Imports: $41 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities—rice and other foodstuffs, cement, petroleum products, consumer goods;

partners—Europe 62% (France 22%, other 40%), Africa 5%, Pakistan, China (1988)

_#_External debt: $242 million (December 1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 3.4% (1988 est.); accounts for 5% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 16,000 kW capacity; 24 million kWh produced, 55 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: perfume distillation, textiles, furniture, jewelry, construction materials

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; most of population works in subsistence agriculture and fishing; plantations produce cash crops for export—vanilla, cloves, perfume essences, and copra; principal food crops—coconuts, bananas, cassava; world's leading producer of essence of ylang-ylang (for perfumes) and second-largest producer of vanilla; large net food importer

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80–89), $10 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–88), $406 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979–89), $22 million; Communist countries (1970–89), $18 million

_#_Currency: Comoran franc (plural—francs); 1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes

_#_Exchange rates: Comoran francs (CF) per US$1—256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985); note—linked to the French franc at 50 to 1 French franc

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Highways: 750 km total; about 210 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel

_#_Ports: Mutsamudu, Moroni

_#_Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440–3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220–2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: sparse system of radio relay and high-frequency radio communication stations for interisland and external communications to Madagascar and Reunion; over 1,800 telephones; stations—2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Comoran Defense Force (FCD), Federal Gendarmerie (GFC)

_#_Manpower availability: males 15–49, 101,332; 60,592 fit for military service

_#Defense expenditures: $NA, 3% of GDP (1981) % @Congo *Geography #_Total area: 342,000 km2; land area: 341,500 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Montana

_#_Land boundaries: 5,504 km total; Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467 km, Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 km

_#_Coastline: 169 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Territorial sea: 200 nm

_#_Disputes: long section with Zaire along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been made)

_#_Climate: tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator

_#_Terrain: coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin

_#_Natural resources: petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural gas

_#_Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and woodland 62%; other 7%

_#_Environment: deforestation; about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe Noire, or along the railroad between them

_*People #_Population: 2,309,444 (July 1991), growth rate 3.0% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 108 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 56 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 5.7 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Congolese (sing., pl.); adjective—Congolese or Congo

_#_Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups divided into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu; most important ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in the south, Sangha (20%) and M'Bochi (12%) in the north, Teke (17%) in the center; about 8,500 Europeans, mostly French

_#_Religion: Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2%

_#_Language: French (official); many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo most widely used

_#_Literacy: 57% (male 70%, female 44%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 79,100 wage earners; agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government 25%; 51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically active (1985)

_#_Organized labor: 20% of labor force (1979 est.)

_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of the Congo

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Brazzaville

_#_Administrative divisions: 9 regions (regions, singular—region); Bouenza, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, Sangha; note—there may be a new capital district of Brazzaville

_#_Independence: 15 August 1960 (from France; formerly Congo/Brazzaville)

_#_Constitution: 8 July 1979, currently being modified

_#_Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law

_#_National holiday: National Day, 15 August (1960)

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 8 February 1979);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Brig. Gen. Louis-Sylvain

GOMA (since 9 January 1991)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Congolese Labor Party (PCT), President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, leader; note—multiparty system legalized, with over 50 parties established

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held 26–31 July 1989 (next to be held July 1994); results—President SASSOU-NGUESSO unanimously reelected leader of the PCT by the Party Congress, which automatically made him president;

People's National Assembly—last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA 1994); results—PCT was the only party; seats—(153 total) single list of candidates nominated by the PCT

_#_Communists: unknown number of Communists and sympathizers

_#_Other political or pressure groups: Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC), General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)

_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77,

GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,

IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,

WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Roger ISSOMBO; Chancery at 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington DC 20011; telephone (202) 726–5500;

US—Ambassador James Daniel PHILLIPS; Embassy at Avenue Amilcar Cabral, Brazzaville (mailing address is B. P. 1015, Brazzaville, or Box C, APO New York 09662–0006); telephone (242) 83–20-70 or 83–26-24

_#_Flag: red with the national emblem in the upper hoist-side corner; the emblem includes a yellow five-pointed star above a crossed hoe and hammer (like the hammer and sickle design) in yellow, flanked by two curved green palm branches; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

_*Economy #_Overview: Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing about two-thirds of government revenues and exports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo to finance large-scale development projects with growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The world decline in oil prices, however, has forced the government to launch an austerity program to cope with declining receipts and mounting foreign debts.

_#_GDP: $2.26 billion, per capita $1,050; real growth rate 0.6% (1989 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.6% (1989 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $522 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital expenditures of $141 million (1989)

_#_Exports: $751 million (f.o.b., 1988);

commodities—crude petroleum 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamonds;

partners—US, France, other EC

_#_Imports: $564 million (c.i.f., 1988);

commodities—foodstuffs, consumer goods, intermediate manufactures, capital equipment;

partners—France, Italy, other EC, US, FRG, Spain, Japan, Brazil

_#_External debt: $4.5 billion (December 1988)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1989); accounts for 33% of GDP, including petroleum

_#_Electricity: 133,000 kW capacity; 300 million kWh produced, 130 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: crude oil, cement, sawmills, brewery, sugar mill, palm oil, soap, cigarettes

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cassava accounts for 90% of food output; other crops—rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables; cash crops include coffee and cocoa; forest products important export earner; imports over 90% of food needs