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_#_Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President Quett K. J. MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President Peter S. MMUSI (since 3 January 1983)

_#_Political parties and leaders:

Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Quett MASIRE;

Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth KOMA;

Botswana People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE;

Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 21

_#_Elections:

President—last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October

1994);

results—President Quett K. J. MASIRE was reelected by the National

Assembly;

National Assembly—last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(38 total, 34 elected) BDP 35, BNF 3

_#_Communists: no known Communist organization; Kenneth Koma of BNF has long history of Communist contacts

_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD,

ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,

LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO,

WMO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE; Chancery at Suite 404, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 244–4990 or 4991;

US—Ambassador David PASSAGE; Embassy at Botswana Road, Gaborone (mailing address is P. O. Box 90, Gaborone); telephone [267] 353–982 through 353–984

_#_Flag: light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center

_*Economy #_Overview: The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops. Agriculture today provides a livelihood for over 80% of the population, but produces only about 50% of food needs and contributes a small 3% to GDP. The driving force behind the rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry. This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds, has gone from generating 25% of GDP in 1980 to over 50% in 1989. No other sector has experienced such growth, especially not agriculture, which is plagued by erratic rainfall and poor soils. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 25%.

_#_GDP: $3.1 billion, per capita $2,500; real growth rate 6.3% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12.0% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 25% (1989)

_#_Budget: revenues $1,719 million; expenditures $1,792 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.)

_#_Exports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities—diamonds 77%, copper and nickel 12%, meat 4%, cattle, animal products;

partners—Switzerland, UK, US, SACU (Southern African Customs Union)

_#_Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);

commodities—foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum products;

partners—Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, US

_#_External debt: $780 million (December 1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 16.8% (FY86); accounts for about 57% of GDP, including mining

_#_Electricity: 217,000 kW capacity; 630 million kWh produced, 510 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock processing

_#_Agriculture: accounts for only 3% of GDP; subsistence farming predominates; cattle raising supports 50% of the population; must import large share of food needs

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–89), $257 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–88), $1.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979–89), $43 million; Communist countries (1970–89), $29 million

_#_Currency: pula (plural—pula); 1 pula (P) = 100 thebe

_#_Exchange rates: pula (P) per US$1—1.8720 (January 1991), 1.8601 (1990), 2.0125 (1989), 1.8159 (1988), 1.6779 (1987), 1.8678 (1986), 1.8882 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

_*Communications #_Railroads: 712 km 1.0 67-meter gauge

_#_Highways: 11,514 km total; 1,600 km paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel, 5,177 km improved earth, 3,037 km unimproved earth

_#_Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 100 total, 87 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440–3,659 m; 26 with runways 1,220–2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and a few radiocommunication stations; 17,900 telephones; stations—2 AM, 3 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing), Botswana National Police

_#_Manpower availability: males 15–49, 260,290; 137,038 fit for military service; 14,767 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $99 million, 8.2% of GNP (1989) % @Bouvet Island (territory of Norway) *Geography #_Total area: 58 km2; land area: 58 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 29.6 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Territorial sea: 4 nm

_#_Climate: antarctic

_#_Terrain: volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly inacessible

_#_Natural resources: none

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100% (ice)

_#_Environment: covered by glacial ice

_#_Note: located in the South Atlantic Ocean 2,575 km south-southwest of the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa

_*People #_Population: uninhabited

_*Government #_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: territory of Norway

_*Economy #_Overview: no economic activity

_*Communications #_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only

_#_Telecommunications: automatic meteorological station

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of Norway % @Brazil *Geography #_Total area: 8,511,965 km2; land area: 8,456,510 km2; includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than the US

_#_Land boundaries: 14,691 km total; Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km

_#_Coastline: 7,491 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 200 nm

_#_Disputes: short section of the boundary with Paraguay (just west of Guaira Falls on the Rio Parana) is in dispute; two short sections of boundary with Uruguay are in dispute (Arroyo de la Invernada area of the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay); has noted possible Latin claims in Antarctica

_#_Climate: mostly tropical, but temperate in south

_#_Terrain: mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt

_#_Natural resources: iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower, gold, platinum, crude oil, timber

_#_Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and woodland 67%; other 6%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: recurrent droughts in northeast; floods and frost in south; deforestation in Amazon basin; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo

_#_Note: largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador

_*People #_Population: 155,356,073 (July 1991), growth rate 1.8% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 68 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 68 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Brazilian(s); adjective—Brazilian

_#_Ethnic divisions: Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, black, Amerindian; white 55%, mixed 38%, black 6%, other 1%

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic (nominal) 90%

_#_Language: Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French

_#_Literacy: 81% (male 82%, female 80%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 57,000,000 (1989 est.); services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27%

_#_Organized labor: 13,000,000 dues paying members (1989 est.)

_*Government #_Long-form name: Federative Republic of Brazil

_#_Type: federal republic

_#_Capital: Brasilia

_#_Administrative divisions: 26 states (estados, singular—estado)

and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa,

Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias,

Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para,

Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do

Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao

Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins; note—the former territories of Amapa and

Roraima became states in January 1991

_#_Independence: 7 September 1822 (from Portugal)

_#_Constitution: 5 October 1988

_#_Legal system: based on Latin codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 7 September (1822)

_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congresso

Nacional) consists of an upper chamber or Federal Senate (Senado

Federal) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara dos

Deputados)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Federal Tribunal

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President Fernando

Affonso COLLOR de Mello (since 15 March 1990); Vice President

Itamar FRANCO (since 15 March 1990)

_#_Political parties and leaders:

National Reconstruction Party (PRN), Daniel TOURINHO, president;

Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Orestes QUERCIA,

president;

Liberal Front Party (PFL), Hugo NAPOLEAO, president;

Workers' Party (PT), Luis Ignacio (Lula) da SILVA, president;

Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Luiz GONZAGA de Paiva Muniz, president;

Democratic Labor Party (PDT), Leonel BRIZOLA, president;

Democratic Social Party (PDS), Amaral NETTO, president;

Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Mario COVAS, president;

Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), Salomao MALINA, secretary general;

Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB), Joao AMAZONAS, president;

Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Eduardo CAMPOS, president

_#_Suffrage: voluntary at age 16; compulsory between ages 18 and 70; voluntary at age 70

_#_Elections:

President—last held 15 November 1989, with runoff on 17 December 1989 (next to be held November 1994); results—Fernando COLLOR de Mello 53%, Luis Inacio da SILVA 47%; note—first free, direct presidential election since 1960;

Senate—last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(81 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 27, PFL 15, PSDB 10, PTB 8, PDT 5, other 16;

Chamber of Deputies—last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results—PMDB 21%, PFL 17%, PDT 9%, PDS 8%, PRN 7.9%, PTB 7%, PT 7%, other 23.1%; seats—(503 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 108, PFL 87, PDT 46, PDS 43, PRN 40, PTB 35, PT 35, other 109;

_#_Communists: about 30,000

_#_Other political or pressure groups: left wing of the Catholic Church and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's Party are critical of government's social and economic policies

_#_Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-19,

G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO,

ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM,

UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Marcilio Marques MOREIRA; Chancery at 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 745–2700; there are Brazilian Consulates General in Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, and New York, and Consulates in Dallas, Houston, and San Francisco;

US—Ambassador Richard MELTON; Embassy at Avenida das Nocoes,

Lote 3, Brasilia, Distrito Federal (mailing address is APO Miami 34030);

telephone [55] (6) 321–7272; there are US Consulates General in Rio de

Janeiro and Sao Paulo, and Consulates in Porto Alegre and Recife

_#_Flag: green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 23 white five-pointed stars (one for each state) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)

_*Economy #_Overview: The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing sectors, entered the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway inflation, an unserviceable foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack of policy direction. In addition, the economy remained highly regulated, inward-looking, and protected by substantial trade and investment barriers. Ownership of major industrial and mining facilities is divided among private interests—including several multinationals—and the government. Most large agricultural holdings are private, with the government channeling financing to this sector. Conflicts between large landholders and landless peasants have produced intermittent violence. The government is seeking an IMF standby loan despite several failed agreements over the past decade. Relations with foreign commercial banks remain strained because of mounting interest arrears on Brazil's long-term debt. The Collor government, which assumed office in March 1990, is embarked on an ambitious reform program that seeks to modernize and reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, deregulating the economy, and opening it to increased foreign competition. A major long-run strength is Brazil's vast natural resources.

_#_GDP: $388 billion, per capita $2,540; real growth rate - 4.6% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1,795% (December 1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 4.4% (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $36.5 billion; expenditures $48.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.6 billion (1988)

_#_Exports: $31.4 billion (1990);

commodities—iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee

partners—EC 29%, US 23%, Latin America 10%, Japan 7% (1989)

_#_Imports: $20.4 billion (1990);

commodities—crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal;

partners—US 21%, Middle East and Africa 20%, EC 20%, Latin America 18%, Japan 7% (1989)

_#_External debt: $122 billion (December 1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 8.9% (1990); accounts for 35% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 55,773,000 kW capacity; 214,116 million kWh produced, 1,400 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP; world's largest producer and exporter of coffee and orange juice concentrate and second-largest exporter of soybeans; other products—rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food, except for wheat

_#_Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption; government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca cultivation

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–89), $2.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–88), $9.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979–89), $284 million; Communist countries (1970–89), $1.3 billion

_#_Currency: cruzeiro (plural—cruzeiros); 1 cruzeiro (Cr$) = 100 centavos

_#_Exchange rates: cruzeiros (Cr$) per US$1—193.189 (January 1991), 68.300 (1990), 2.834 (1989), 0.26238 (1988), 0.03923 (1987), 0.01366 (1986), 0.00620 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 29,694 km total; 25,268 km 1.000-meter gauge, 4,339 km 1.600-meter gauge, 74 km mixed 1.600–1.000-meter gauge, 13 km 0.760-meter gauge; 2,308 km electrified

_#_Highways: 1,448,000 km total; 48,000 km paved, 1,400,000 km gravel or earth

_#_Inland waterways: 50,000 km navigable

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 2,000 km; refined products, 3,804 km; natural gas, 1,095 km

_#_Ports: Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos

_#_Merchant marine: 263 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,898,838 GRT/9,975,272 DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 59 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 13 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 60 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 15 chemical tanker, 11 liquefied gas, 14 combination ore/oil, 79 bulk, 2 combination bulk; additionally, 2 naval tanker and 4 military transport are sometimes used commercially

_#_Civil air: 176 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 3,751 total, 3,078 usable; 401 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,240–3,659 m; 533 with runways 1,220–2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: good system; extensive radio relay facilities; 9.86 million telephones; stations—1,223 AM, no FM, 112 TV, 151 shortwave; 3 coaxial submarine cables 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations with total of 3 antennas; 64 domestic satellite stations

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil (including Marines), Brazilian Air Force, Federal Police Force

_#_Manpower availability: males 15–49, 40,559,052; 27,364,392 fit for military service; 1,637,434 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $1.1 billion, 2.6% of GDP (1990) % @British Indian Ocean Territory (dependent territory of the UK) *Geography #_Total area: 60 km2; land area: 60 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 698 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Territorial sea: 3 nm

_#_Disputes: the entire Chagos Archipelago is claimed by Mauritius

_#_Climate: tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds

_#_Terrain: flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation)

_#_Natural resources: coconuts, fish

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

_#_Environment: archipelago of 2,300 islands

_#_Note: Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location in central Indian Ocean

_*People #_Population: no permanent civilian population; formerly about 3,000 islanders

_#_Ethnic divisions: civilian inhabitants, known as the Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius before construction of UK and US defense facilities

_*Government #_Long-form name: British Indian Ocean Territory (no short-form name); abbreviated BIOT

_#_Type: dependent territory of the UK

_#_Capital: none

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);

Head of Government—Commissioner and Administrator R. EDIS (since NA 1988); note—resides in the UK

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)

_#_Flag: white with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and six blue wavy horizontal stripes bearing a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the outer half of the flag

_*Economy #_Overview: All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego Garcia, where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction projects and various services needed to support the military installations are done by military and contract employees from the UK and the US. There are no industrial or agricultural activities on the islands.

_#_Electricity: provided by the US military

_*Communications #_Highways: short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia

_#_Ports: Diego Garcia

_#_Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways over 3,659 m on Diego Garcia

_#_Telecommunications: minimal facilities; stations (operated by the US Navy)—1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK % @British Virgin Islands (dependent territory of the UK) *Geography #_Total area: 150 km2; land area: 150 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Coastline: 80 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 3 nm

_#_Climate: subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds

_#_Terrain: coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly

_#_Natural resources: negligible

_#_Land use: arable land 20%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 33%; forest and woodland 7%; other 33%

_#_Environment: subject to hurricanes and tropical storms from July to October

_#_Note: strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico

_*People #_Population: 12,396 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 19 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 77 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—British Virgin Islander(s); adjective—British Virgin Islander

_#_Ethnic divisions: black over 90%, remainder of white and Asian origin

_#_Religion: Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%, Church of God 7%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other 2%), Roman Catholic 6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981)

_#_Language: English (official)

_#_Literacy: 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970)

_#_Labor force: 4,911 (1980)

_#_Organized labor: NA% of labor force

_*Government #_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: dependent territory of the UK

_#_Capital: Road Town

_#_Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)

_#_Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)

_#_Constitution: 1 June 1977

_#_Legal system: English law

_#_National holiday: Territory Day, 1 July

_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council

_#_Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor John Mark Ambrose HERDMAN (since NA 1986);

Head of Government—Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA 1986)

_#_Political parties and leaders:

United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO;

Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H. Lavity STOUTT;

Independent People's Movement (IPM), Cyril B. ROMNEY

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

Legislative Council—last held 12 November 1990 (next to be held by November 1995); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(9 total) VIP 6, IPM 1, independent 2

_#_Communists: probably none

_#_Member of: CARICOM (observer), CDB, ECLAC (associate), IOC, OECS (associate), UNESCO (associate)

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)

_#_Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful)

_*Economy #_Overview: The economy is highly dependent on the tourist industry, which generates about 21% of the national income. In 1985 the government offered offshore registration to companies wishing to incorporate in the islands, and, in consequence, incorporation fees generated about $2 million in 1987. Livestock raising is the most significant agricultural activity. The islands' crops, limited by poor soils, are unable to meet food requirements.

_#_GDP: $106.7 million, per capita $8,900; real growth rate 2.5% (1987)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.0% (1987)

_#_Unemployment rate: NEGL%

_#_Budget: revenues $32.8 million; expenditures $32.4 million, including capital expenditures of $6.3 million (FY90)

_#_Exports: $2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988);

commodities—rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals;

partners—Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

_#_Imports: $11.5 million (c.i.f., 1988);

commodities—building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery;

partners—Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

_#_External debt: $4.5 million (1985)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 4.0% (1985)

_#_Electricity: 10,500 kW capacity; 43 million kWh produced, 3,510 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore financial center

_#_Agriculture: livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetables

_#_Economic aid: NA

_#_Currency: US currency is used

_#_Exchange rates: US currency is used

_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

_*Communications #_Highways: 106 km motorable roads (1983)

_#_Ports: Road Town

_#_Airports: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways less than 1,220 m

_#_Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone service; submarine cable communication links to Bermuda; stations—1 AM, no FM, 1 TV

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK % @Brunei *Geography #_Total area: 5,770 km2; land area: 5,270 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Delaware

_#_Land boundary: 381 km with Malaysia

_#_Coastline: 161 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides the country

_#_Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy

_#_Terrain: flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west

_#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, timber

_#_Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and woodland 79%; other 18%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare

_#_Note: close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave of Malaysia

_*People #_Population: 397,777 (July 1991), growth rate 6.3% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 45 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 77 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Bruneian(s); adjective—Bruneian

_#_Ethnic divisions: Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16%

_#_Religion: Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs and other 15% (1981)

_#_Language: Malay (official), English, and Chinese

_#_Literacy: 77% (male 85%, female 69%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981)

_#_Labor force: 89,000 (includes members of the Army); 33% of labor force is foreign (1988); government 47.5%; production of oil, natural gas, services, and construction 41.9%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.8% (1986)

_#_Organized labor: 2% of labor force

_*Government #_Long-form name: Negara Brunei Darussalam

_#_Type: constitutional sultanate

_#_Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan

_#_Administrative divisions: 4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular—daerah); Belait, Brunei and Muara, Temburong, Tutong

_#_Independence: 1 January 1984 (from UK)

_#_Constitution: 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)

_#_Legal system: based on Islamic law

_#_National holiday: National Day, 23 February (1984)

_#_Executive branch: sultan, prime minister, Council of Cabinet Ministers

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council (Majlis Masyuarat Megeri)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—Sultan and Prime Minister

Sir Muda HASSANAL BOLKIAH Muizzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Brunei United National Party (inactive), Anak HASANUDDIN, chairman; Brunei National Democratic Party (the first legal political party and now banned), leader NA

_#_Suffrage: none

_#_Elections:

Legislative Council—last held in March 1962; in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive body by decree of the sultan and no elections are planned

_#_Communists: probably none

_#_Member of: APEC, ASEAN, C, ESCAP, ICAO, IDB, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dato Paduka Haji Mohamed SUNI bin Haji Idris; Chancery at 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 342–0159;

US—Ambassador Christopher H. PHILLIPS; Embassy at Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri Begawan (mailing address is P. O. Box 2991, Bandar Seri Begawan and Box B, APO San Francisco, 96528); telephone [673] (2) 229–670

_#_Flag: yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by two upraised hands

_*Economy #_Overview: The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition. It is almost totally supported by exports of crude oil and natural gas, with revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for more than 50% of GDP. Per capita GDP of $9,600 is among the highest in the Third World, and substantial income from overseas investment supplements domestic production. The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes food and housing.

_#_GDP: $3.3 billion, per capita $9,600; real growth rate 2.7% (1989 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (1989 est.)

_#_Unemployment: 2.5%, shortage of skilled labor (1989 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $230 million (1988 est.)

_#_Exports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products;

partners—Japan 60%, Thailand 10%, Singapore 4% (1988)

_#_Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989);

commodities—machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals;

partners—Singapore 36%, UK 26%, Switzerland 7%, US 7%, Japan 6% (1988)

_#_External debt: none

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 12.9% (1987); accounts for 52.4% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 310,000 kW capacity; 890 million kWh produced, 2,400 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: petroleum, liquefied natural gas, construction

_#_Agriculture: imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops and livestock include rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigs

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–87), $20.6 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–87), $143.7 million

_#_Currency: Bruneian dollar (plural—dollars); 1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1—1.7454 (January 1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987), 2.1774 (1986), 2.2002 (1985); note—the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge private line

_#_Highways: 1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bituminous treated) and another 52 km under construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved

_#_Inland waterways: 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters

_#_Ports: Kuala Belait, Muara

_#_Merchant marine: 7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 GRT/340,635 DWT

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 135 km; refined products, 418 km; natural gas, 920 km

_#_Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft (3 Boeing 757–200, 1 Boeing 737–200)

_#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,659 m; 1 with runway 1,406 m

_#_Telecommunications: service throughout country is adequate for present needs; international service good to adjacent Malaysia; radiobroadcast coverage good; 33,000 telephones (1987); stations—4 AM/FM, 1 TV; 74,000 radio receivers (1987); satellite earth stations—1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Royal Brunei Armed Forces (including Ground Forces, Flotilla, and Air Wing), Royal Brunei Police

_#_Manpower availability: males 15–49, 110,727; 63,730 fit for military service; 3,199 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $233.1 million, 7.1% of GDP (1988) % @Bulgaria *Geography #_Total area: 110,910 km2; land area: 110,550 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Tennessee

_#_Land boundaries: 1,881 km total; Greece 494 km, Romania 608 km, Turkey 240 km, Yugoslavia 539 km

_#_Coastline: 354 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 24 nm;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: Macedonia question with Greece and Yugoslavia

_#_Climate: temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers

_#_Terrain: mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south

_#_Natural resources: bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land

_#_Land use: arable land 34%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and woodland 35%; other 10%; includes irrigated 11%

_#_Environment: subject to earthquakes, landslides; deforestation; air pollution

_#_Note: strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia

_*People #_Population: 8,910,622 (July 1991), growth rate - 0.2% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 76 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Bulgarian(s); adjective—Bulgarian

_#_Ethnic divisions: Bulgarian 85.3%, Turk 8.5%, Gypsy 2.6%, Macedonian 2.5%, Armenian 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, other 0.6%

_#_Religion: Bulgarian Orthodox 85%; Muslim 13%; Jewish 0.8%; Roman Catholic 0.5%; Uniate Catholic 0.2%; Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other 0.5%

_#_Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown

_#_Literacy: 93% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)

_#_Labor force: 4,300,000; industry 33%, agriculture 20%, other 47% (1987)

_#_Organized labor: Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Edinstvo (Unity) People's Trade Union (splinter confederation from KNSB); Podkrepa (Support) Labor Confederation, legally registered in January 1990

_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of Bulgaria

_#_Type: emerging democracy, continuing significant Communist party influence

_#_Capital: Sofia

_#_Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (oblasti, singular—oblast); Burgas, Grad Sofiya, Khaskovo, Lovech, Mikhaylovgrad, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Sofiya, Varna

_#_Independence: 22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire)

_#_Constitution: 16 May 1971, effective 18 May 1971; a new constitution is likely to be adopted in 1991

_#_Legal system: based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the State Council; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire, 3 March (1878)

_#_Executive branch: president, chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier), three deputy chairmen of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Narodno Sobranie)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—President Zhelyu ZHELEV (since 1 August 1990);

Head of Government—Chairman of the Council of Ministers

(Premier) Dimitur POPOV (since 19 December 1990);

Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Aleksandur TOMOV

(since 19 December 1990);

Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Viktor VULKOV (since

19 December 1990);

Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Dimitur LUDZHEV

(since 19 December 1990);

_#_Political parties and leaders: government—Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), formerly Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), Aleksandur LILOV, chairman;

opposition—Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), Filip DIMITROV,

chairman, consisting of Nikola Petkov Bulgarian Agrarian National

Union, Milan DRENCHEV, secretary of Permanent Board;

Bulgarian Social Democratic Party, Petur DERTLIEV;

Green Party;

Christian Democrats;

Radical Democratic Party;

Rights and Freedoms Movement (pro-Muslim party), Ahmed DOGAN;

Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (BZNS), Viktor VULKOV

_#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18

_#_Elections:

Chairman of the State Council—last held 1 August 1990 (next to be held May 1991); results—Zhelyo ZHELEV was elected by the National Assembly;

National Assembly—last held 10 and 17 June 1990 (next to be held in autumn 1991); results—BSP 48%, UDF 32%; seats—(400 total) BSP 211, UDF 144, Rights and Freedoms Movement 23, Agrarian Party 16, Nationalist parties 3, independents and other 3

_#_Communists: Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), formerly Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), 501,793 members

_#_Other political or pressure groups: Ecoglasnost; Podkrepa (Support) Labor Confederation; Fatherland Union; Bulgarian Democratic Youth (formerly Communist Youth Union); Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Committee for Defense of National Interests; Peasant Youth League; National Coalition of Extraparliamentary Political Forces; numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas

_#_Member of: BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, IIB, ILO, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ognyan PISHEV; Chancery at 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387–7969;

US—Ambassador H. Kenneth HILL; Embassy at 1 Alexander Stamboliski Boulevard, Sofia (mailing address is APO New York 09213–5740); telephone [359] (2) 88–48-01 through 05

_#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the national emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has been removed—it contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian state established) and 1944 (liberation from Nazi control)

_*Economy #_Overview: Growth in the lackluster Bulgarian economy fell to the 2% annual level in the 1980s. By 1990 Sofia's foreign debt had skyrocketed to over $10 billion—giving a debt service ratio of more than 40% of hard currency earnings and leading the regime to declare a moratorium on its hard currency payments. The post-Zhivkov regime faces major problems of renovating an aging industrial plant; coping with worsening energy, food, and consumer goods shortages; keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding technological developments; investing in additional energy capacity (the portion of electric power from nuclear energy reached over one-third in 1990); and motivating workers, in part by giving them a share in the earnings of their enterprises. A major decree of January 1989 summarized and extended the government's economic restructuring efforts, which include a partial decentralization of controls over production decisions and foreign trade. In October 1990 the Lukanov government proposed an economic reform program based on a US Chamber of Commerce study. It was never instituted because of a political stalemate between the BSP and the UDF. The new Popov government launched a similar reform program in January 1991, but full implementation has been slowed by continuing political disputes.

_#_GNP: $47.3 billion, per capita $5,300; real growth rate - 6.0% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 100% (1990 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: 2% (1990 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $26 billion; expenditures $28 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA billion (1988)

_#_Exports: $16.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—machinery and equipment 60.5%; agricultural products 14.7%; manufactured consumer goods 10.6%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals 8.5%; other 5.7%;

partners—Communist countries 82.5% (USSR 61%, GDR 5.5%, Czechoslovakia 4.9%); developed countries 6.8% (FRG 1.2%, Greece 1.0%); less developed countries 10.7% (Libya 3.5%, Iraq 2.9%)

_#_Imports: $15.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—fuels, minerals, and raw materials 45.2%; machinery and equipment 39.8%; manufactured consumer goods 4.6%; agricultural products 3.8%; other 6.6%;

partners—Communist countries 80.5% (USSR 57.5%, GDR 5.7%), developed countries 15.1% (FRG 4.8%, Austria 1.6%); less developed countries 4.4% (Libya 1.0%, Brazil 0.9%)

_#_External debt: $10 billion (1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 10.7% (1990); accounts for about 50% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 5,040 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: machine and metal building,food processing, chemicals, textiles, building materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP; climate and soil conditions support livestock raising and the growing of various grain crops, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits and tobacco; more than one-third of the arable land devoted to grain; world's fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food producer

_#_Economic aid: donor—$1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1956–89)

_#_Currency: lev (plural—leva); 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki

_#_Exchange rates: leva (Lv) per US$1—16.13 (March 1991), 0.7446 (November 1990), 0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988), 0.90 (1987), 0.95 (1986), 1.03 (1985); note—floating exchange rate since February 1990

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 4,300 km total, all government owned (1987); 4,055 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 917 km double track; 2,510 km electrified

_#_Highways: 36,908 km total; 33,535 km hard surface (including 242 km superhighways); 3,373 km earth roads (1987)

_#_Inland waterways: 470 km (1987)

_#_Pipelines: crude, 193 km; refined product, 418 km; natural gas, 1,400 km (1986)

_#_Ports: Burgas, Varna, Varna West; river ports are Ruse, Vidin, and Lom on the Danube

_#_Merchant marine: 112 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,227,817 GRT/1,860,294 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 33 cargo, 2 container, 1 passenger-cargo training, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 18 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 47 bulk; Bulgaria owns 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 51,035 DWT operating under Liberian registry

_#_Civil air: 86 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 380 total, 380 usable; about 120 with permanent-surface runways; 20 with runways 2,440–3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220–2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: 2.5 million telephones; direct dialing to 36 countries; phone density is 25 phones per 100 persons; 67% of Sofia households now have a phone (November 1988); stations—21 AM, 16 FM, and 19 TV, with 1 Soviet TV relay in Sofia; 2.1 million TV sets (1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television program (May 1990)

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Bulgarian People's Army, Bulgarian Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Troops, Civil Defense

_#_Manpower availability: males 15–49, 2,183,539; 1,826,992 fit for military service; 67,836 reach military age (19) annually

_#Defense expenditures: 1.615 billion leva, NA% of GDP (1990); note—conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate would produce misleading results % @Burkina *Geography #_Total area: 274,200 km2; land area: 273,800 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Colorado

_#_Land boundaries: 3,192 km total; Benin 306 km, Ghana 548 km, Ivory Coast 584 km, Mali 1,000 km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km

_#_Coastline: none—landlocked

_#_Maritime claims: none—landlocked

_#_Disputes: the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger

_#_Climate: tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers

_#_Terrain: mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast

_#_Natural resources: manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper, nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver

_#_Land use: arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 37%; forest and woodland 26%; other 27%, includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: recent droughts and desertification severely affecting marginal agricultural activities, population distribution, economy; overgrazing; deforestation

_#_Note: landlocked

_*People #_Population: 9,359,889 (July 1991), growth rate 3.1% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 50 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 119 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 53 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Burkinabe; adjective—Burkinabe

_#_Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes; principal tribe is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other important groups are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani

_#_Religion: indigenous beliefs about 65%, Muslim 25%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) 10%

_#_Language: French (official); tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 90% of the population

_#_Literacy: 18% (male 28%, female 9%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)