Читать книгу The 2009 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 222

branch office(s): Banja Luka, Mostar

Flag description:

a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle

Economy ::Bosnia and Herzegovina

Economy - overview:

The interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996–99 at high percentage rates from a low base; but output growth slowed in 2000–02. Part of the lag in output was made up in 2003–08 when GDP growth exceeded 5% per year. Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all the Communist-era payments bureaus were shut down; foreign banks, primarily from Western Europe, now control most of the banking sector. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM)- the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has increased. Bosnia's private sector is growing and foreign investment is slowly increasing, but government spending, at nearly 40% of adjusted GDP, remains high because of redundant government offices at the state, entity and municipal level. Implementing privatization, however, has been slow, particularly in the Federation where political division between ethnically-based political parties makes agreement on economic policy more difficult. A sizeable current account deficit and high unemployment rate remain the two most serious macroeconomic problems. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a predictable source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray market activity. National-level statistics have also improved over time but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. Bosnia's economy has been largely sheltered from the global financial downtown although key economic indicators have worsened. Key exporters in the metal, automobile and wood processing industries have reported a worsening performance and have announced layoffs and output reductions.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$29.77 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 106 $28.22 billion (2007 est.)

$26.62 billion (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

Bosnia has a large informal sector that may be as much as 50% of official GDP

GDP (official exchange rate):

$18.47 billion (2008 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

5.5% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 72 6% (2007 est.)

6.9% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$6,500 (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 127 $6,200 (2007 est.)

$5,900 (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 10.2%

industry: 23.9%

services: 66% (2006 est.)

Labor force:

1.863 million (2007) country comparison to the world: 122

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 19.8%

industry: 32.6%

services: 47.6% (2007)

Unemployment rate:

29% (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 174 45.5% (31 December 2004 est.)

note: official rate; gray economy may reduce actual unemployment to 25–30%

Population below poverty line:

25% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 2.8%

highest 10%: 27.4% (2004)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

56.2 (2007) country comparison to the world: 11

Budget:

revenues: $8.516 billion

expenditures: $8.867 billion (2008 est.)

Public debt:

40% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 54 34% of GDP (2007 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

7.3% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 117 1.6% (2007 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

6.98% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 120 7.17% (31 December 2007)

Stock of money:

$4.49 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 57 $5.13 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of quasi money:

$5.614 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 62 $5.597 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of domestic credit:

$10.26 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 70 $8.895 billion (31 December 2007)

Market value of publicly traded shares: