Читать книгу The 2009 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 233

consulate(s) general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo

consulate(s): Recife

Flag description:

green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)

Economy ::Brazil

Economy - overview:

Characterized by large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South American countries and Brazil is expanding its presence in world markets. From 2003 to 2007, Brazil ran record trade surpluses and recorded its first current account surpluses since 1992. Productivity gains coupled with high commodity prices contributed to the surge in exports. Brazil improved its debt profile in 2006 by shifting its debt burden toward real denominated and domestically held instruments. LULA da Silva restated his commitment to fiscal responsibility by maintaining the country's primary surplus during the 2006 election. Following his second inauguration in October of that year, LULA da Silva announced a package of further economic reforms to reduce taxes and increase investment in infrastructure. Brazil's debt achieved investment grade status early in 2008, but the government's attempt to achieve strong growth while reducing the debt burden created inflationary pressures. For most of 2008, the Central Bank embarked on a restrictive monetary policy to stem these pressures. Since the onset of the global financial crisis in September, Brazil's currency and its stock market - Bovespa - have significantly lost value, −41% for Bovespa for the year ending 30 December 2008. Brazil incurred another current account deficit in 2008, as world demand and prices for commodities dropped in the second-half of the year.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$1.998 trillion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 10 $1.901 trillion (2007 est.)

$1.798 trillion (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):

$1.573 trillion (2008 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

5.1% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 84 5.7% (2007 est.)

4% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$10,200 (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 102 $9,800 (2007 est.)

$9,400 (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 6.7%

industry: 28%

services: 65.3% (2008 est.)

Labor force:

93.65 million (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 6

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 20%

industry: 14%

services: 66% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:

7.9% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 109 9.3% (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:

31% (2005)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 1.1%

highest 10%: 43% (2007)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

56.7 (2005) country comparison to the world: 10 60.7 (1998)

Investment (gross fixed):

19% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 123

Budget:

revenues: NA

expenditures: NA

Public debt:

38.8% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 58 52% of GDP (2004 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

5.7% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 95 3.6% (2007 est.)

Central bank discount rate:

20.48% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 9 17.85% (31 December 2007)

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

47.25% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 4 43.72% (31 December 2007)

Stock of money:

$95.03 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 12 $131.1 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of quasi money:

$724.5 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 6 $792.8 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of domestic credit:

$1.249 trillion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 11 $1.377 trillion (31 December 2007)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$589.4 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 12 $1.37 trillion (31 December 2007)

$711.1 billion (31 December 2006)

Agriculture - products:

coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef

Industries:

textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment

Industrial production growth rate:

4.3% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 62

Electricity - production:

438.8 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 11

Electricity - consumption:

404.3 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 10

Electricity - exports:

2.034 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - imports:

42.06 billion kWh; note - supplied by Paraguay (2008 est.)

Oil - production:

2.422 million bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 13

Oil - consumption:

2.52 million bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 8

Oil - exports:

570,100 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 27

Oil - imports:

632,900 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 21

Oil - proved reserves:

12.62 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 15

Natural gas - production:

12.62 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 39

Natural gas - consumption:

23.65 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 32

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2008) country comparison to the world: 200

Natural gas - imports:

11.03 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 21

Natural gas - proved reserves:

365 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 36

Current account balance:

-$28.19 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 180 $1.551 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$197.9 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 23 $160.6 billion (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos

Exports - partners:

US 14.4%, China 12.4%, Argentina 8.4%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 4.5% (2008)

Imports:

$173.1 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 26 $120.6 billion (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, electronics

Imports - partners:

US 14.9%, China 11.6%, Argentina 7.9%, Germany 7% (2008)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$193.8 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 7 $180.3 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$262.9 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 27 $240.5 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$294 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 15 $248.9 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$127.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 23 $107.1 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Exchange rates:

reals (BRL) per US dollar - 1.8644 (2008 est.), 1.85 (2007 est.), 2.1761 (2006), 2.4344 (2005), 2.9251 (2004)

Communications ::Brazil

Telephones - main lines in use:

41.141 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 6

Telephones - mobile cellular:

150.641 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 5

Telephone system:

general assessment: good working system; fixed-line connections have remained relatively stable in recent years and stand at about 20 per 100 persons; less expensive mobile cellular technology is a major driver in expanding telephone service to the low-income segment of the population with mobile-cellular telephone density reaching 80 per 100 persons

domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations; mobile-cellular usage has more than tripled in the past 5 years

international: country code - 55; landing point for a number of submarine cables, including Atlantis 2, that provide direct links to South and Central America, the Caribbean, the US, Africa, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station (2008)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 1,365, FM 296, shortwave 161 (of which 91 are collocated with AM stations) (1999)

Television broadcast stations:

138 (1997)

Internet country code:

.br

Internet hosts:

15.929 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 5

Internet users:

64.948 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 5

Transportation ::Brazil

Airports:

4,000 (2009) country comparison to the world: 2

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 721

over 3,047 m: 7

2,438 to 3,047 m: 27

1,524 to 2,437 m: 171

914 to 1,523 m: 460

under 914 m: 56 (2009)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 3,279

1,524 to 2,437 m: 87

914 to 1,523 m: 1,547

under 914 m: 1,645 (2009)

Heliports:

13 (2009)

Pipelines:

condensate/gas 62 km; gas 9,892 km; liquid petroleum gas 353 km; oil 4,517 km; refined products 4,465 km (2008)

Railways:

total: 28,857 km country comparison to the world: 10 broad gauge: 5,709 km 1.600-m gauge (459 km electrified)

standard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gauge

narrow gauge: 22,954 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)

Roadways:

total: 1,751,868 km country comparison to the world: 4 paved: 96,353 km

unpaved: 1,655,515 km (2004)

Waterways:

50,000 km (most in areas remote from industry and population) (2008) country comparison to the world: 3

Merchant marine:

total: 136 country comparison to the world: 45 by type: bulk carrier 19, cargo 22, carrier 1, chemical tanker 7, container 11, liquefied gas 12, passenger/cargo 12, petroleum tanker 45, roll on/roll off 7

foreign-owned: 25 (Chile 1, Denmark 2, Germany 6, Greece 1, Mexico 1, Norway 5, Spain 9)

registered in other countries: 8 (Argentina 1, Bahamas 2, Ghana 1, Liberia 3, Marshall Islands 1) (2008)

Ports and terminals:

Guaiba, Ilha Grande, Paranagua, Rio Grande, Santos, Sao Sebastiao,

Tubarao

Transportation - note:

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Atlantic Ocean as a significant risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen

Military ::Brazil

Military branches:

Brazilian Army (Exercito Brasileiro, EB), Brazilian Navy (Marinha do

Brasil (MB), includes Naval Air and Marine Corps (Corpo de

Fuzileiros Navais)), Brazilian Air Force (Forca Aerea Brasileira,

FAB) (2009)

Military service age and obligation:

21–45 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 9 to 12 months; 17–45 years of age for voluntary service; an increasing percentage of the ranks are "long-service" volunteer professionals; women were allowed to serve in the armed forces beginning in early 1980s when the Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept women into career ranks; women serve in Navy and Air Force only in Women's Reserve Corps (2001)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16–49: 52,449,957

females age 16–49: 52,375,921 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16–49: 38,043,555

females age 16–49: 44,267,520 (2009 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

male: 1,690,031

female: 1,630,851 (2009 est.)

Military expenditures:

2.6% of GDP (2006 est.) country comparison to the world: 62

Transnational Issues ::Brazil

Disputes - international:

unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested boundary dispute with Uruguay over Isla Brasilera at the confluence of the Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada rivers, that form a tripoint with Argentina; the Itaipu Dam reservoir covers over a once contested section of Brazil-Paraguay boundary west of Guaira Falls on the Rio Parana; an accord placed the long-disputed Isla Suarez/Ilha de Guajara-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Rio Mamore, under Bolivian administration in 1958, but sovereignty remains in dispute

Illicit drugs:

second-largest consumer of cocaine in the world; illicit producer of cannabis; trace amounts of coca cultivation in the Amazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has a large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine headed for Europe; also used by traffickers as a way station for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market for Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics proceeds are often laundered through the financial system; significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area (2008)

page last updated on November 11, 2009

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@British Indian Ocean Territory (South Asia)

Introduction ::British Indian Ocean Territory

Background:

Formerly administered as part of the British Crown Colony of Mauritius, the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) was established as an overseas territory of the UK in 1965. A number of the islands of the territory were later transferred to the Seychelles when it attained independence in 1976. Subsequently, BIOT has consisted only of the six main island groups comprising the Chagos Archipelago. The largest and most southerly of the islands, Diego Garcia, contains a joint UK-US naval support facility. All of the remaining islands are uninhabited. Between 1967 and 1973, former agricultural workers, earlier residents in the islands, were relocated primarily to Mauritius, but also to the Seychelles. Negotiations between 1971 and 1982 resulted in the establishment of a trust fund by the British Government as compensation for the displaced islanders, known as Chagossians. Beginning in 1998, the islanders pursued a series of lawsuits against the British Government seeking further compensation and the right to return to the territory. In 2006 and 2007, British court rulings invalidated the immigration policies contained in the 2004 BIOT Constitution Order that had excluded the islanders from the archipelago, but upheld the special military status of Diego Garcia. In 2008, the House of Lords, as the final court of appeal in the UK, ruled in favor of the British Government by overturning the lower court rulings and finding no right of return on the part of the Chagossians.

Geography ::British Indian Ocean Territory

Location:

archipelago in the Indian Ocean, south of India, about halfway between Africa and Indonesia

Geographic coordinates:

6 00 S, 71 30 E; note - Diego Garcia 7 20 S, 72 25 E

Map references:

Political Map of the World

Area:

total: 54,400 sq km country comparison to the world: 127 land: 60 sq km; Diego Garcia 44 sq km

water: 54,340 sq km

note: includes the entire Chagos Archipelago of 55 islands