Читать книгу The 2009 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 463

Flag description:

three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band

Economy ::El Salvador

Economy - overview:

The smallest country in Central America, El Salvador has the third largest economy, but growth has been modest in recent years. Economic growth will decelerate in 2009 due to the global slowdown and to El Salvador's dependence on exports to the US and remittances from the US. El Salvador leads the region in remittances per capita with inflows equivalent to nearly all export income. In 2006 El Salvador was the first country to ratify the Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). CAFTA has bolstered the export of processed foods, sugar, and ethanol, and supported investment in the maquila sector. The SACA administration has sought to diversify the economy, focusing on regional transportation and tourism. El Salvador has promoted an open trade and investment environment, and has embarked on a wave of privatizations extending to telecom, electricity distribution, banking, and pension funds. In late 2006, the government and the Millennium Challenge Corporation signed a five-year, $461 million compact to stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty in the country's northern region through investments in education, public services, enterprise development, and transportation infrastructure. With the adoption of the US dollar as its currency in 2001, El Salvador lost control over monetary policy and must concentrate on maintaining a disciplined fiscal policy.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$43.73 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 91 $42.66 billion (2007 est.)

$40.75 billion (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):

$22.12 billion (2008 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

2.5% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 140 4.7% (2007 est.)

4.2% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$6,200 (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 131 $6,100 (2007 est.)

$6,000 (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 10.7%

industry: 28.8%

services: 60.6% (2008 est.)

Labor force:

2.947 million (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 102

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 19%

industry: 23%

services: 58% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate:

6.9% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 87 6.2% (2007 est.)

note: data are official rates; but the economy has much underemployment

Population below poverty line:

30.7% (2006 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 1%

highest 10%: 37% (2005)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

52.4 (2002) country comparison to the world: 18 52.5 (2001)

Investment (gross fixed):

14.9% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 136

Budget:

revenues: $4.016 billion

expenditures: $4.242 billion (2008 est.)

Public debt:

44.7% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 46 41.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

7.3% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 120 4.6% (2007 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

12.33% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 109 7.81% (31 December 2007)

Stock of money:

$213.7 million (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 105 $209.7 million (31 December 2007)

Stock of quasi money:

$788.7 million (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 101 $797.1 million (31 December 2007)

Stock of domestic credit:

$1.19 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 105 $1.15 billion (31 December 2007)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$NA (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 79 $6.743 billion (31 December 2007)

$5.465 billion (31 December 2006)

Agriculture - products:

coffee, sugar, corn, rice, beans, oilseed, cotton, sorghum; beef, dairy products

Industries:

food processing, beverages, petroleum, chemicals, fertilizer, textiles, furniture, light metals

Industrial production growth rate:

1.5% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 117

Electricity - production:

5.559 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 110

Electricity - consumption:

4.676 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 110

Electricity - exports:

7 million kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - imports:

38 million kWh (2007 est.)

Oil - production:

0 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 178

Oil - consumption:

45,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 99

Oil - exports:

1,927 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 115

Oil - imports:

46,310 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 90

Oil - proved reserves:

0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 172

Natural gas - production:

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 185

Natural gas - consumption:

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 188

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2008) country comparison to the world: 61

Natural gas - imports:

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 84

Natural gas - proved reserves:

0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 183

Current account balance:

-$1.595 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 133 -$1.119 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$4.611 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 115 $4.035 billion (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

offshore assembly exports, coffee, sugar, textiles and apparel, gold, ethanol, chemicals, electricity, iron and steel manufactures

Exports - partners:

US 47.5%, Guatemala 14.2%, Honduras 11.5%, Nicaragua 4.6% (2008)

Imports:

$9.003 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 95 $8.108 billion (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

raw materials, consumer goods, capital goods, fuels, foodstuffs, petroleum, electricity

Imports - partners:

US 29.9%, Guatemala 11.8%, Mexico 9.7%, China 4.5%, France 4.4% (2008)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$2.545 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 101 $2.199 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$10.69 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 84 $9.808 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$6.702 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 85 $5.918 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$440 million (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 76 $384 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Exchange rates:

the US dollar became El Salvador's currency in 2001

Communications ::El Salvador

Telephones - main lines in use:

1.077 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 77

Telephones - mobile cellular:

6.951 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 72

Telephone system:

general assessment: multiple mobile-cellular service providers are expanding services rapidly and in 2008 mobile-cellular density stood at nearly 100 per 100 persons; growth in fixed-line services has slowed in the face of mobile-cellular competition

domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system

international: country code - 503; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave System (2008)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 52, FM 144, shortwave 0 (2005)

Television broadcast stations:

5 (1997)

Internet country code:

.sv

Internet hosts:

8,177 (2009) country comparison to the world: 123

Internet users:

826,000 (2008) country comparison to the world: 98

Transportation ::El Salvador

Airports:

65 (2009) country comparison to the world: 77

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 4

over 3,047 m: 1

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2009)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 61

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

914 to 1,523 m: 13

under 914 m: 47 (2009)

Heliports:

1 (2009)

Railways:

total: 283 km country comparison to the world: 123 narrow gauge: 283 km 0.914-m gauge

note: railways have been inoperable since 2005 because of disuse and high costs that led to a lack of maintenance (2008)

Roadways:

total: 10,886 km country comparison to the world: 136 paved: 2,827 km (includes 327 km of expressways)

unpaved: 8,059 km (2000)

Waterways:

Rio Lempa partially navigable for small craft (2008)

Ports and terminals:

Acajutla, Puerto Cutuco

Military ::El Salvador

Military branches:

Salvadoran Army (ES), Salvadoran Navy (FNES), Salvadoran Air Force

(Fuerza Aerea Salvadorena, FAS) (2008)

Military service age and obligation:

18 years of age for selective compulsory military service; 16–22 years of age for voluntary male or female service; service obligation - 12 months, with 11 months for officers and NCOs (2009)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16–49: 1,634,816

females age 16–49: 1,775,474 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16–49: 1,201,290

females age 16–49: 1,547,278 (2009 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

male: 77,473

female: 74,655 (2009 est.)

Military expenditures:

5% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 18

Transnational Issues ::El Salvador

Disputes - international:

International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, in 1992, with final agreement by the parties in 2006 after an Organization of American States (OAS) survey and a further ICJ ruling in 2003; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca

Illicit drugs:

transshipment point for cocaine; small amounts of marijuana produced for local consumption; significant use of cocaine

page last updated on November 11, 2009

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@Equatorial Guinea (Africa)

Introduction ::Equatorial Guinea

Background:

Equatorial Guinea gained independence in 1968 after 190 years of Spanish rule. This tiny country, composed of a mainland portion plus five inhabited islands, is one of the smallest on the African continent. President Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO has ruled the country since 1979 when he seized power in a coup. Although nominally a constitutional democracy since 1991, the 1996 and 2002 presidential elections - as well as the 1999 and 2004 legislative elections - were widely seen as flawed. The president exerts almost total control over the political system and has discouraged political opposition. Equatorial Guinea has experienced rapid economic growth due to the discovery of large offshore oil reserves, and in the last decade has become Sub-Saharan Africa's third largest oil exporter. Despite the country's economic windfall from oil production resulting in a massive increase in government revenue in recent years, there have been few improvements in the population's living standards.

Geography ::Equatorial Guinea

Location:

Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Cameroon and

Gabon

Geographic coordinates: