Читать книгу The 2009 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 481
Оглавлениеhighest 10%: 27.7% (2004)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
34 (2008) country comparison to the world: 91 37 (1999)
Investment (gross fixed):
28.4% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 29
Budget:
revenues: $8.798 billion
expenditures: $9.488 billion (2008 est.)
Public debt:
4.8% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 122 5.4% of GDP (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
10.4% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 152 6.6% (2007 est.)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
8.55% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 126 6.46% (31 December 2007)
Stock of money:
$6.106 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 50 $7.158 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:
$5.478 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 65 $4.253 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$22.02 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 57 $21.35 billion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$1.951 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 81 $6.037 billion (31 December 2007)
$5.963 billion (31 December 2006)
Agriculture - products:
potatoes, vegetables; livestock and dairy products; fish
Industries:
engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications
Industrial production growth rate:
−4.8% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 166
Electricity - production:
11.46 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 88
Electricity - consumption:
7.686 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 93
Electricity - exports:
2.31 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:
1.369 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production:
7,600 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 90
Oil - consumption:
29,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 114
Oil - exports:
7,280 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 99
Oil - imports:
30,590 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 100
Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 174
Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 187
Natural gas - consumption:
1.51 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 83
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008) country comparison to the world: 63
Natural gas - imports:
1.51 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 48
Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 185
Current account balance:
-$2.192 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 140 -$3.771 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
$12.63 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 81 $11.08 billion (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment 29%, wood and paper 13%, metals 10%, food products 8%, textiles 5%, chemical products (2007)
Exports - partners:
Finland 18.3%, Sweden 13.8%, Russia 10.3%, Latvia 10%, Lithuania 5.7%, Germany 5.1%, US 4.8% (2008)
Imports:
$15.35 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 81 $14.75 billion (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment 35%, textiles 19%, mineral fuels 19%, chemical products 9%, foodstuffs 6% (2001)
Imports - partners:
Finland 14.2%, Germany 13.3%, Sweden 10%, Lithuania 8.9%, Latvia 8.9%, Russia 7.4%, Poland 4.6% (2008)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$3.972 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 86 $3.27 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
$26.84 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 65 $25.25 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$18.62 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 64 $16.59 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$6.686 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 52 $5.873 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Exchange rates:
krooni (EEK) per US dollar - 10.7 (2008), 11.535 (2007), 12.473 (2006), 12.584 (2005), 12.596 (2004)
note: the krooni is pegged to the euro
Communications ::Estonia
Telephones - main lines in use:
498,100 (2008) country comparison to the world: 96
Telephones - mobile cellular:
2.525 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 115
Telephone system:
general assessment: foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved telephone service; substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are widely available; schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income-tax returns online, and online voting was used for the first time in the 2005 local elections
domestic: a wide range of high quality voice, data, and Internet services is available throughout the country
international: country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched service; 2 international switches are located in Tallinn (2008)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 32, shortwave 0 (2007)
Television broadcast stations:
4 (2007)
Internet country code:
.ee
Internet hosts:
706,449 (2009) country comparison to the world: 47
Internet users:
888,100 (2008) country comparison to the world: 94
Transportation ::Estonia
Airports:
19 (2009) country comparison to the world: 135
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 13
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 3 (2009)
Heliports:
1 (2009)
Pipelines:
gas 859 km (2008)
Railways:
total: 919 km country comparison to the world: 92 broad gauge: 919 km 1.520 m/1.524-m gauge (131 km electrified) (2008)
Roadways:
total: 57,016 km country comparison to the world: 77 paved: 12,926 km (includes 99 km of expressways)
unpaved: 44,090 km (2005)
Waterways:
320 km (2008) country comparison to the world: 92
Merchant marine:
total: 29 country comparison to the world: 87 by type: cargo 5, passenger/cargo 21, petroleum tanker 2, chemical tanker 1
foreign-owned: 4 (Denmark 1, Germany 1, Norway 2)
registered in other countries: 85 (Antigua and Barbuda 23, Belize 6,
Cyprus 5, Dominica 7, Finland 2, Latvia 2, Liberia 1, Malta 11,
Norway 1, Panama 5, Saint Kitts and Nevis 3, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines 16, Sweden 2, Vanuatu 1) (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Kuivastu, Kunda, Muuga, Tallinn, Virtsu
Military ::Estonia
Military branches:
Estonian Defense Forces: Land Force, Navy, Air Force (Eesti
Ohuvagi), Volunteer Defense League (Kaitseliit, KL) (2009)
Military service age and obligation:
obligation for compulsory service ages 16–60, with conscription "likely" ages 18–27; service requirement 8–11 months (2009)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16–49: 306,273
females age 16–49: 317,852 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16–49: 216,483
females age 16–49: 260,408 (2009 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 7,583
female: 7,111 (2009 est.)
Military expenditures:
2% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 79
Transnational Issues ::Estonia
Disputes - international:
Russia recalled its signature to the 1996 technical border agreement with Estonia in 2005, rather than concede to Estonia's appending prepared a unilateral declaration referencing Soviet occupation and territorial losses; Russia demands better accommodation of Russian-speaking population in Estonia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen border rules with Russia
Illicit drugs:
growing producer of synthetic drugs; increasingly important transshipment zone for cannabis, cocaine, opiates, and synthetic drugs since joining the European Union and the Schengen Accord; potential money laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is a concern, as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds; major use of opiates and ecstasy
page last updated on November 11, 2009
======================================================================
@Ethiopia (Africa)
Introduction ::Ethiopia
Background:
Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of a short-lived Italian occupation from 1936–41. In 1974, a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). A constitution was adopted in 1994, and Ethiopia's first multiparty elections were held in 1995. A border war with Eritrea late in the 1990s ended with a peace treaty in December 2000. The Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Commission in November 2007 remotely demarcated the border by geographical coordinates, but final demarcation of the boundary on the ground is currently on hold because of Ethiopian objections to an international commission's finding requiring it to surrender territory considered sensitive to Ethiopia.
Geography ::Ethiopia
Location:
Eastern Africa, west of Somalia
Geographic coordinates:
