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Economies are social systems (Luhmann, 1995) with specific institutional features and configurations. The employment system is part of the economic system and, through VET programs, is related to education systems. In the following section, we look at the background and underlying theories to determine why social constructs in VET that result from the interaction of actors, institutions, and regulations are so different and try to understand how and why socially constructed meta-institutions control actors’ behavior (Miller, 2019).

One possible reason for differences in the working of VET programs may be the economic policy concept of a country that has an impact on education and employment systems and thus may explain the specific social construction of VET as part of either the education system or, in other contexts, as an active labor-market program (ALMP) and part of the employment system. These in turn are related to historical and contextual factors. The first subsection describes a rival concept that organizes VET programs based on the history of dogma in the political economy, and the second subsection elaborates on a macro-concept regarding variety of capitalism.