Читать книгу The Complete Guide to Drawing for Beginners - Yoshiko Ogura - Страница 9

Pencil pressure The pressure applied to the tip of a

pencil when drawing. A wide range of expression can be

realized by varying the pressure as you draw.

Perspective A method of visually expressing a three-di-

mensional space on a two-dimensional plane, thereby

creating the illusion of depth. Generally, one-point

perspective (page 57) is the most familiar. It is used to illustrate the implied distance from an object’s front to its back. One-point perspective, two-point perspective and three-point perspective respectively increase the sophistication and realism of drawings. Perspective is widely used not only in drawing but also in various other fields of visual expression (construction, animation, cartooning, illustration, etc.).

One-point perspective A technique for depicting

depth where lines converge toward a single vanish-

ing point. See page 57.

Two-point perspective A technique for depicting

depth where lines converge toward two vanishing

points. See page 57.

Three-point perspective A technique for depicting

depth where lines converge toward three vanishing

points. See page 57.

Plaster statue A three-dimensional plaster model. Be-

cause the model is completely white with easy to

understand contours, it is often used as an object for

drawing studies. Classical Greek and Renaissance sculp-

tures are typically used as prototypes.

Reflected light Diffuse light that has been bounced

back from the surface or surfaces closest to the object.

By depicting reflected light, you can impart a realistic

three-dimensional effect to the subject. See page 28.

Saturation The degree of color depth. Vivid colors ex-

hibit high saturation, and faded colors exhibit low

saturation.

Shade The darker area on an object when light from the

light source has been blocked by something (including

parts of the object itself). See page 28.

Shadow Shadows are cast on the side of an object

opposite to the light source. See page 28.

Shaping Roughing in the shape and shades of the ob-

ject at the outset of a drawing project.

Skeletal Structure The underlying structure of verte-

brates, comprised of the jointed bones and cartilage.

Drawing accurate human or animal forms is much easier

if you are able to envision the skeleton as you draw.

Sketching The act of drawing quickly, primarily with

simple lines and no shading, capturing the features

and poses of subjects such as people and animals. Also

called Croquis (pronounced “croaky”) drawing. See

page 114.

Sketch lines Light lines quickly put down when rough-

ing in a shape. They help the artist gradually ascertain

where the edges of the object being drawn should

appear in the finished drawing.

Space In the real world, a three-dimensional expanse

that we all inhabit. In drawing, techniques must be used

to emulate the look of three-dimensional space, such

as using contrasting bold and thin lines, dark and light

tones, and sharp and fuzzy details. See page 35.

Structure The individual underlying shapes that together

form the overall shape of an object. For drawing

people and animals, it is important to understand how

the skeleton and muscles fit together to affect the bal-

ance and form of the subject.

Surface The visible part of the object you are drawing.

The surface is gradually roughed in and refined with

shading, highlights, shadows, textures and other details

to present a realistic representation of the physical

object being drawn. See page 38.

Texture The visual representation of the tactile feel of

the real-world subject through the skillful application of

pencils and the kneaded eraser. See page 34.

Three-dimensional effect The illusion of depth created

through the use of perspective, shading, and using bold,

dark, sharp lines on parts of the drawing that are to

appear closer to the viewer and thin, light, fuzzy lines on

parts of the drawing that are to appear farther from the

viewer.

Tone The color of the surface of an object. The play of

light and shadows across the surface of the object being

drawn is emulated through the use of gradation, with

shades of gray mimicking the color saturation of the

subject.

Vanishing point A point on the horizon of a drawing to

which receding parallel lines converge. See page 56.

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