Читать книгу Practical Power Plant Engineering - Zark Bedalov - Страница 28

Commissioning is often called wet commissioning. It is an engineering activity that follows the precommissioning phase, often called dry commissioning. Commissioning is an engineering activity dedicated to testing the plant or part of the plant, in a fully energized state of applied electricity, pressure, heat, steam, and water with all the auxiliary systems in service.

During the days of relay logic and manual plant control, the commissioning was not that extensive. Nowadays, the plants have become fully automated and generally unmanned, having inputs from numerous field devices, start, stop, overload, ready, local/remote (Loc/Rem), breaker position, trip, analogs, etc. To diagnose the plant directly on the operator's screen rather than by pulling, simulating, and jumpering, the wires in the panels takes a lot of coordinated effort in many parts of the plant at the same time.

Figure 1.6 Plant handover procedure.

Source: Courtesy of SNC‐Lavalin.

Only a fully energized condition offers a controlled testing environment that allows all the logic elements to be properly commissioned and proven. This work in a noisy environment requires good communications between all the parties. Often, the cell phones do not work due to the noise interference. On the last project, the proper communication was only achieved after the house telephones operating on fiber optic cables were installed.

 Primary injection: Commissioning of large power plants carries considerable risks and safety issues. This is because commissioning is mostly performed under the primary injection when the equipment is fully energized. The operating voltage is applied, and the currents are flowing through the cables and breakers. This flow can now be monitored on the real front panel instruments and/or relays. The flow of current (power) can be changed by loading the feeders and circuit breakers.

While most of the precommissioning and troubleshooting is performed from the schematic diagrams, just like always has been, the commissioning is performed based on the operational requirements. Commissioning as mentioned above is energizing and testing of the groups of equipment working together under active pressure of oil, water, steam, air, or electricity, with a minimum of simulation. This is the first time the equipment and the control system will face fuel, water, air, oil, and electricity. Believe me, this makes a lot of difference in the equipment behavior, particularly the instrumentation. The instrumentation finally gets to be checked for flow, speed, voltage, pressure, etc. Some of the instruments will now prove to be faulty, poorly calibrated, or incorrectly selected, or perhaps incorrectly wired or leaking.

The precommissioning of the power plant control system is mostly skipped in favor of the commissioning as mentioned earlier when the generator is energized in a controlled manner and tested.

Most of the wiring or control logic (95%) is expected to be correct, but a small part (5%) may be incorrect. The operator's screen may not indicate an error, but it will show what is not functioning or functioning incorrectly. It is not an easy task to comprehend as multiple malfunctions may be a result of a single wrong input. But which? Where to start? The logic interlock strings have to be investigated by observing the schematics, by removing the wired and software interlocks, one interlock at a time to zoom in on the possible targets or “usual suspects.”

What are the interlocks? These are the “permissives” that enable or disable another drive. This may be a case of set of pumps of which one only is allowed to run at any time. Safety Interlocks are hard wired into the electrical circuits as in Figure 1.7. Process interlocks are entered into software as shown on the right.

Sometimes, missing wiring must be added, wires reversed, corrected, removed, and jumpered to make it correct according to the schematics.

Figure 1.7 Plant interlocks, hard wired and software.

And if it still does not work, then the schematic must be corrected and the circuit rewired. Often, an interposing relay may not be seating properly. There are so many ways to fail?

The wiring tabulations, mentioned earlier, are generally not being updated. The schematics are updated in red and issued “As Built.” The commissioning approach, though relatively cumbersome, avoids all the simulations to be done and saves the time as the work is concentrated on fixing faulty wiring and wrong logic lines only, and not on all the wiring and all the logic. This approach may work providing the unit was being fully tested under all the operating conditions of loading, ramping, and stopping to expose the functioning of all the instrumentation, the transmitters, and indicating instruments. The transmitters may work correctly for certain loading and operating sequences, but rapid changes in the load may expose their weaknesses.

In my judgment, the following are typical commissioning problems:

1 Mechanical: Rare. They tend to be visible, but take longer (days) to fix and replace with spare parts if available.

2 Electrical wiring: Due to wrong wiring, wrong schematics, inappropriate contact seating. This is diagnosed by going over the schematics and fixed within hours.

3 Control logic software errors. This is diagnosed and modified within hours. Often, several attempts are tried.

4 Nonresponsive devices (level switches, analogs, pressure switches, transmitters, etc.). The devices may be faulty or inappropriate for the application. These problems are relatively common and difficult to deal with because of their unpredictable and intermittent behavior. These issues may take several days to be discovered, repaired, and the fix confirmed when repaired.

Here is an example of unpredictable nature of certain field devices. A large hydro generator sometimes fails to transit from the synchronous condenser mode to the generator mode when requested. Having spent days to review the field devices that control this activity, the focus shifts toward three‐level switches operating in a tube controlled by an orifice. The switches may work well for days, but then suddenly fail to provide a transition signal. After days of trying and figuring out many situations, it is finally correctly concluded that the water in the tube is too turbulent at certain conditions and water pressures and affects the operation of the switches. Several new orifice sizes were tried and eventually a proper size is selected and placed. The trial period to prove a particular orifice may take weeks. Also, the same orifice size used on Unit 1 may not be the right one for Unit 2, due to varied operating conditions.

Naturally, all the changes implemented on Unit 1 in the wiring, control logic, and unresponsive field devices are immediately updated on the next unit if it is available, thus, insuring faster commissioning and release to operation.

In an industrial plant, the commissioning is based on a system‐by‐system basis grinding, flotation, conveying, leaching, etc. Switchgear, transformers, MCCs, and motors are tested together under partially energized conditions. Each system is semiautonomous and gradually energized to prove it operates in proper sequence for starting and shutting down under specific conditions. The systems are being commissioned until the whole plant is made operational and ready for starting up from the control room and it is correctly represented on the control system monitors.

Some say that commissioning is the slowest game in town. It is 90% logistics and preparation to position right people to the right places, keep them focused on the task with proper tools, and to prepare the safe environment and operating conditions for the test. The actual test may take only a few minutes to show a change in state on the instruments, or that something had moved or rotated. Conveyors start moving in sequence, grinders start grinding, and pumps start pumping and filling the tanks. Level switches regulate the speed of the drives to prove the set points established by the control system. The automation starts directing the process.

For the commissioning to work well, one has to have a good cooperation of the mechanical, process, and controls engineers and excellent means of communications in the field. Why are the electrical engineers most often assigned to be the commissioning engineers? Well, I think because the electrical engineering is the hardest part of the project to understand. Electricity is the blood flow of the plant. It connects all the pieces in an invisible way that experienced electrical engineers can understand.