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Design science uses scientific methods to analyse the structure of technical systems and their relationships with the environment. The aim is to derive rules for the development of these systems from system elements and their relationships. Design methodology is a concrete course of action for the design of technical systems that derives its knowledge from design science and cognitive psychology, and from practical experience in different domains.

Designs of products and processes are essential to manufacturing systems. For example, some typical activities to design a product are (i) a functional design to determine functional modules and features and their relations, (ii) a parametric design to determine geometrics and dimensions of parts, (iii) a tolerance analysis of geometric dimensioning and tolerances (GD&Ts) to determine the quality, position, and shape of all parts, and (iv) an assembly design to determine the assembly relations of parts and components.