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2 2. The process of technological change at Microsoft, entailing cloud computing and artificial intelligence (AI), is insightfully described in Iansiti, M., and Lakhani, K. R. (2020). Competing in the Age of AI: Strategy and Leadership When Algorithms and Networks Run the World. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press.

3 3. Kim, T. (2018). How Microsoft Beat Out Apple and Became the World's Most Valuable Company. https://www.barrons.com/articles/how-microsoft-beat-out-apple-and-became-the-worlds-most-valuable-company-1543623288 (accessed 22 March 2021).

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7 7. Martínez, A. G. (2018). What Microsoft's Antitrust Case Teaches Us about Silicon Valley. https://www.wired.com/story/what-microsofts-antitrust-case-teaches-us-about-silicon-valley/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

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10 10. Wikipedia (2020). Microsoft Innovation Center. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Innovation_Center (accessed 22 March 2021).

11 11. Prashantham, S. (2013). Skelta and the Microsoft Partnership Ecosystem. Ivey Business School, case no. 9B12M122. London, Canada: Ivey Publishing.

12 12. Prashantham, S., and Madhok, A. (2019). Think Globally, Act Cooperatively: Entrepreneurial Partnering between INVs and MNEs. In: Frontiers of Strategic Alliance Research: Negotiating, Structuring & Governing Partnerships (ed. F. J. Contractor and J. J. Reuer), 337–352. London, UK: Cambridge University Press.

13 13. Prashantham, S., and Birkinshaw, J. (2008). Dancing with Gorillas: How Small Companies Can Partner Effectively with MNCs. California Management Review 51(1): 6–23.

14 14. Lewin, D. (2011). Microsoft BizSpark Accelerates 45,000 Startups Around the World. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2011/11/16/microsoft-bizspark-accelerates-45000-startups-around-the-world/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

15 15. Somasegar's blog (2008). BizSpark – Software for Startups. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/somasegar/bizspark-software-for-startups (accessed 22 March 2021).

16 16. Protalinski, E. (2009). Microsoft BizSpark Now Serves 15,000 Startups. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2009/06/microsoft-bizspark-now-serves-15000/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

17 17. Somasegar's blog (2010). BizSpark Graduation Offer for Startups. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/somasegar/bizspark-graduation-offer-for-startups (accessed 22 March 2021).

18 18. BizSpark Group Blog (2013). BizSpark Celebrates Five Year Anniversary. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/bizspark_group_blog/bizspark-celebrates-five-year-anniversary (accessed 22 March 2021).

19 19. Finley, K. (2019). Enemies No More: Microsoft Brings the Linux Kernel to Windows. https://www.wired.com/story/enemies-no-more-microsoft-brings-linux-kernel-windows/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

20 20. Oiaga, M. (2009). Microsoft BizSpark One, the Evolution. https://news.softpedia.com/news/Microsoft-BizSpark-One-the-Evolution-127280.shtml (accessed 22 March 2021).

21 21. MicroDocumentaries (2010). Microsoft BizSpark One: Matthew Clark, Senior Director, Startup Engagement. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yevH9xvT7YY (accessed 22 March 2021).

22 22. Nadella, S. (2011). Satya Nadella: Worldwide Partner Conference 2011. https://news.microsoft.com/speeches/satya-nadella-worldwide-partner-conference-2011/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

23 23. The nature of these services can be seen at https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/storsimple/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

24 24. https://news.microsoft.com/2012/10/16/microsoft-reaches-agreement-to-acquire-storsimple/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

25 25. HuddleHQ (2012). Andy McLoughlin on Why Huddle Went to the SharePoint Conference 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwBemodGxJI (accessed 22 March 2021); and HuddleHQ (2012). Huddle Crashes the SharePoint Conference - Behind the Scenes Video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rr8JMpMtmQI (accessed 22 March 2021).

26 26. Graham, P. (2007). Microsoft is Dead. http://www.paulgraham.com/microsoft.html (accessed 22 March 2021).

27 27. Dan'l Lewin emphasizes the importance of corporate involvement: “Israel had a corporate outpost in research. That's where Zack was able to do what he did with corporate oversight… . We gave people the right to try. If it worked we would scale this around the world.”

28 28. Tsinghua University is widely regarded as China's equivalent of MIT or Cambridge.

29 29. Microsoft Startup Blog (2008). BizSpark Startup of the Day – Gridsum. https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/startup/2008/11/07/bizspark-startup-of-the-daygridsum/ (accessed 22 March 2021); and Prashantham, S. (2017). Dancing with Gorillas in the Land of the Dragon. http://www.ceibs.edu/new-papers-columns/dancing-gorillas-land-dragon (accessed 22 March 2021).

30 30. MicroDocumentaries (2010). Microsoft BizSpark One: Matthew Clark, Senior Director, Startup Engagement. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yevH9xvT7YY (accessed 22 March 2021).

31 31. Boyd, C. (2017). WeChat: The Evolution and Future of China's Most Popular App. https://medium.com/swlh/wechat-the-evolution-and-future-of-chinas-most-popular-app-11effa5639ed (accessed 22 March 2021).

32 32. Prashantham, S., and Zhao, L. (2017). Testin: Partnering with Multinational Corporations. Ivey Business School, case no. 9B17M127. London, Canada: Ivey Publishing.

33 33. Microsoft News Center (2013). Microsoft Introduces the 4Afrika Initiative to Help Improve the Continent's Global Competitiveness. https://news.microsoft.com/2013/02/05/microsoft-introduces-the-4afrika-initiative-to-help-improve-the-continents-global-competitiveness/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

34 34. Prashantham, S., and Yip, G. S. (2017). Engaging with Startups in Emerging Markets. MIT Sloan Management Review 58(2): 51–56.

35 35. Meisner, J. (2013). Announcing Microsoft Ventures for Startups to Build, Innovate and Grow. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2013/06/25/announcing-microsoft-ventures-for-startups-to-build-innovate-and-grow/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

36 36. Shih, G., and Rigby, B. (2014). Microsoft CEO Signals New Course with Office for iPad. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-microsoft-office-ipad/microsoft-ceo-signals-new-course-with-office-for-ipad-idUSBREA2Q1MV20140327 (accessed 22 March 2021).

37 37. Kumar, D. K., and Roy, A. (2015). Microsoft Hangs up on Nokia Business, to Cut 7,800 Jobs. https://www.reuters.com/article/microsoft-redundancies/microsoft-hangs-up-on-nokia-business-to-cut-7800-jobs-idUSKCN0PI1KO20150708 (accessed 22 March 2021).

38 38. Griffith, E., and Primack, D. (2015). The Age of Unicorns. https://fortune.com/2015/01/22/the-age-of-unicorns/ (accessed 22 March 2021); and CB Insights (2015). Unicorns are Breeding like Rabbits: Set to Double 2014's Record Pace. https://www.cbinsights.com/research/unicorn-update-2015/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

39 39. This program enabled Microsoft to work with more than 200 of the world's leading startup accelerators, allowing startups to receive generous Azure credits, technical support, and guidance from technical evangelists to help growth-stage startups bring their products to market. More details can be found in Prashantham, S., and Yip, G. S. (2017). Microsoft Starts Up. strategy+business 86: 10–12.

40 40. Vander Ark, T. (2018). Hit Refresh: How a Growth Mindset Culture Tripled Microsoft's Value. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomvanderark/2018/04/18/hit-refresh-how-a-growth-mindset-culture-tripled-microsofts-value/#8a4ebba52ade (accessed 22 March 2021).

41 41. Whitney-Morris, C. (2017). “Seriously, Call Anytime”: Microsoft Loves Startups. https://news.microsoft.com/life/seriously-call-anytime-microsoft-loves-startups/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

42 42. Microsoft Startups (2018). 2016 – The Year of Microsoft Accelerator Startups. https://startups.microsoft.com/zh-cn/blog/2016-the-year-of-microsoft-accelerator-startups/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

43 43. https://startupsandplaces.com/shm2019-accelerator-rankings/ (accessed 22 March 2021); and https://gust-marketing-production.herokuapp.com/accelerator_reports/2016/global (accessed 22 March 2021).

44 44. Yarkoni, C. (2018). Grow, Build and Connect with Microsoft for Startups. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2018/02/14/grow-build-connect-microsoft-startups/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

45 45. Sawers, P. (2018). Microsoft Ventures Rebrands as M12 to Avoid “Confusion” about Its Purpose. https://venturebeat.com/2018/04/30/microsoft-ventures-rebrands-as-m12-to-avoid-confusion-about-its-purpose/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

46 46. Lunden, I. (2016). Microsoft Confirms Microsoft Ventures VC Arm, Renames Old One “Microsoft Accelerator.” https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/31/microsoft-confirms-microsoft-ventures-vc-arm-renames-old-one-microsoft-accelerator/ (accessed 22 March 2021); Kashyap, N. (2016). Ventures Reimagined. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2016/05/30/ventures-reimagined/#sm.000003snpyrbeyelkqvjfmi3jk23u (accessed 22 March 2021); and Dirik, I. (2017). Microsoft's Startup Initiatives – “A Manual for Corporate Venture Capital.” https://medium.com/@iskender/microsofts-startup-initiatives-a-manual-for-corporate-venture-capital-c131dbcd0eff (accessed 22 March 2021).

47 47. Courtois, J.-P. (2020). Creating a World of Good: Microsoft Launches the Global Social Entrepreneurship Program. https://blogs.microsoft.com/latinx/2020/02/21/creating-a-world-of-good-microsoft-launches-the-global-social-entrepreneurship-program/ (accessed 30 March 2021).

48 48. Courtois, J.-P. (2019). Why Investing in Social Entrepreneurship is Good for Business. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-investing-social-entrepreneurship-good-business-courtois/ (accessed 30 March 2021).

49 49. Microsoft News Center (2019). Digital Advancements in the Healthcare Sector Brings Patients Closer to Doctors in Pakistan. https://news.microsoft.com/en-xm/2019/12/03/digital-advancements-in-the-healthcare-sector-brings-patients-closer-to-doctors-in-pakistan/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

50 50. Udoh, C. R. (2020). Microsoft Launches Global Social Entrepreneurship Programme for African Social Startups. https://afrikanheroes.com/2020/03/03/microsoft-launches-global-social-entrepreneurship-programme-for-african-social-startups/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

51 51. https://startups.microsoft.com/en-us/social-entrepreneurship/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

52 52. Courtois, J.-P. (2020). Creating a World of Good: Microsoft Launches the Global Social Entrepreneurship Program. https://blogs.microsoft.com/latinx/2020/02/21/creating-a-world-of-good-microsoft-launches-the-global-social-entrepreneurship-program/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

53 53. Okwumbu, R. (2020). Microsoft Launches Global Social Science Entrepreneurship Programme. https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/10/microsoft-launches-global-social-science-entrepreneurship-programme/ (accessed 22 March 2021).

54 54. Prashantham, S., and Birkinshaw, J. (2020). MNE–SME Cooperation: An Integrative Framework. Journal of International Business Studies 51(7): 1161–1175.