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Climate is defined as the weather averaged over a longer period of time in a place. For example, Poland has a continental climate. It means that summers are cool (but not cold) and rainy or hot and dry, and winters are quite cold.

Weather is the condition of the atmosphere over a short period of time, such as hours or days. It means that one day the weather is too hot, and the next it is too cold.

The climate system is influenced by multiple interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, ice and the biosphere.

The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surround the earth. It is made up primarily of nitrogen and hydrogen and it protects the earth from the sun's radiation.

Oceans cover roughly 70% of the earth's surface. They affect the earth's climate by absorbing solar radiation, stored as heat. As they move, ocean currents distribute solar radiation around the globe.

Ice covers about 3% of the earth's surface. When it melts, the ice absorbs heat energy and keeps the surface cooler.

The biosphere is the part of the earth where all living organisms – micro-organisms, animals, plants – exist. Plants convert carbon dioxide (CO2) to oxygen during the process of photosynthesis. Reduction of CO2 contributes to the stabilisation of the climate system.

 Climate, weather – Klimat, pogoda

blizzard – zamieć, zadymka śnieżna

boiling (hot) – upalnie

breeze – wietrzyk, bryza

chilly – zimny

cloud – chmura

cloud-burst – oberwanie chmury

cloudless – bezchmurny

cloudy – pochmurny, zachmurzony

cold – zimny

cool – chłodny

downpour – ulewa

drizzle – mżawka

drizzly – dżdżysty

drought – susza

dry – suchy

flood – powódź

lightning – piorun

mist – mgła, mgiełka

misty – mglisty

overcast – pochmurny, zachmurzony

precipitation – opady atmosferyczne

puddle – kałuża

rain – deszcz

rainbow – tęcza

rainfall – opady deszczu

raindrop – kropla deszczu

rainy – deszczowy

scorcher – bardzo gorący, skwarny dzień

scorching (hot) – upalny

shower – przelotny deszcz

showery – deszczowy

sleet – deszcz ze śniegiem

snow – śnieg

snowdrift – zaspa

snowfall – opady śniegu

fog – mgła

foggy – mglisty

freezing – lodowaty

frost – mróz

hail – grad

hail stone – kula gradu

gale – wichura

heat – upał

heat wave – fala upałów

hoar frost – szron

hot – gorący

humid – wilgotny

humidity – wilgotność

hurricane – huragan

ice – lód

icey – lodowaty

snowflake – płatek śniegu

snowstorm – burza śnieżna

snowy – śnieżny

storm – burza, sztorm

stormy – burzowy

sultry – parny, duszny

sun – słońce

sunny – słoneczny

sweltering – upalny, skwarny

thunder – grzmot

thundery – burzowy

thundercloud – chmura burzowa

thunderstorm – burza z piorunami

tornado – tornado

warm – ciepło

weather – pogoda

wind – wiatr

windy – wietrznie

 Useful expressions – Użyteczne wyrażenia

a 5-day forecast for … – pięciodniowa prognoza pogody dla …

above/below average temperatures – powyżej/poniżej przeciętnych temperatur

it is freezing (cold) – jest mroźno

it is hailing – pada grad

it is raining cats and dogs – leje jak z cebra

it is raining/drizzling/pouring – pada/mży/leje jak z cebra

it is snowing – pada śnieg

it is sweltering – praży

it is thundering – grzmi

sunny with cloudy periods– słonecznie znymi okresami pochmur

the sun is shining – świeci słońce

the wind is blowing – wieje wiatr

to bucket down –lać

to clear up –przejaśniać się

to freeze –marznąć

to melt –topnieć

to thaw –topnieć

What's the weather like? –Jaka jest pogoda?