Читать книгу Latin for Beginners - BENJAMIN L. D’OOGE - Страница 36

FIRST DECLENSION (Continued)

[Special Vocabulary]

NOUNS

«Italia, -ae», f., Italy Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily «tuba, -ae», f., trumpet (tube) «via, -ae», f., way, road, street (viaduct)

ADJECTIVES

«alta», high, deep (altitude) «clāra», clear, bright; famous «lāta», wide (latitude) «longa», long (longitude) «nova», new (novelty)

«64.» We have for some time now been using adjectives and nouns together and you have noticed an agreement between them in case and in number (§54). They agree also in gender. In the phrase «silva magna», we have a feminine adjective in «-a» agreeing with a feminine noun in «-a».

«65.» RULE. «Agreement of Adjectives.» Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.

«66.» Feminine adjectives in «-a» are declined like feminine nouns in «-a», and you should learn to decline them together as follows:

NOUN ADJECTIVE

«domina» (base «domin-»), «bona» (base «bon-»),

f., lady good

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS

Nom. do´mina bona -a Gen. dominae bonae -ae Dat. dominae bonae -ae Acc. dominam bonam -am Abl. dominā bonā -ā

PLURAL

Nom. dominae bonae -ae Gen. dominā´rum bonā´rum -ārum Dat. dominīs bonīs -īs Acc. dominās bonās -ās Abl. dominīs bonīs -īs

a. In the same way decline together «puella mala», the bad girl; «ancil´la parva», the little maid; «fortū´na magna», great fortune.

«67.» The words «dea», goddess, and «fīlia», daughter, take the ending «-ābus» instead of «-īs» in the dative and ablative plural. Note the dative and ablative plural in the following declension:

«dea bona» (bases «de-» «bon-»)

SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. dea bona deae bonae Gen. deae bonae deā´rum bonā´rum Dat. deae bonae deā´bus bonīs Acc. deam bonam deās bonās Abl. deā bonā dea´bus bonīs

a. In the same way decline together «fīlīa parva».

«68.» «Latin Word Order.» The order of words in English and in Latin sentences is not the same.

In English we arrange words in a fairly fixed order. Thus, in the sentence My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers, we cannot alter the order of the words without spoiling the sentence. We can, however, throw emphasis on different words by speaking them with more force. Try the effect of reading the sentence by putting special force on my, daughter, dinner, farmers.

In Latin, where the office of the word in the sentence is shown by its ending (cf. §32.1), and not by its position, the order of words is more free, and position is used to secure the same effect that in English is secured by emphasis of voice. To a limited extent we can alter the order of words in English, too, for the same purpose. Compare the sentences

I saw a game of football at Chicago last November (normal order) «Last November» I saw a game of football at Chicago At Chicago, last November, I saw a game of «football»

1. In a Latin sentence the most emphatic place is the first; next in importance is the last; the weakest point is the middle. Generally the subject is the most important word, and is placed first; usually the verb is the next in importance, and is placed last. The other words of the sentence stand between these two in the order of their importance. Hence the normal order of words—that is, where no unusual emphasis is expressed—is as follows:

subject—modifiers of the subject—indirect object— direct object—adverb—verb

Changes from the normal order are frequent, and are due to the desire for throwing emphasis upon some word or phrase. Notice the order of the Latin words when you are translating, and imitate it when you are turning English into Latin.

2. Possessive pronouns and modifying genitives normally stand after their nouns. When placed before their nouns they are emphatic, as

«fīlia mea», my daughter; «mea fīlia», «my» daughter; «casa Galbae», Galba’s cottage; «Galbae casa», «Galba’s» cottage.

Notice the variety of emphasis produced by writing the following sentence in different ways:

«Fīlia mea agricolīs cēnam parat» (normal order)

«Mea fīlia agricolīs parat cēnam» («mea» and «cēnam» emphatic)

«Agricolīs fīlia mea cēnam parat» («agricolīs» emphatic)

3. An adjective placed before its noun is more emphatic than when it

follows. When great emphasis is desired, the adjective is separated

from its noun by other words.

«Fīlia mea casam parvam nōn amat» («parvam» not emphatic)

«Fīlia mea parvam casam nōn amat» («parvam» more emphatic)

«Parvam fīlia mea casam nōn amat» («parvam» very emphatic)

4. Interrogative words usually stand first, the same as in English.

5. The copula (as «est», «sunt») is of so little importance that it frequently does not stand last, but may be placed wherever it sounds well.