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LESSON XV THE ABLATIVE DENOTING WITH
Оглавление[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
«carrus, -ī», m., cart, wagon «inopia, -ae», f., want, lack; the opposite of «cōpia» «studium, studī», n., zeal, eagerness (study)
ADJECTIVES
«armātus, -a, -um», armed «īnfīrmus, -a, -um», week, feeble (infirm) vali´dus, -a, -um, strong, sturdy
VERB
«mātūrat», he (she, it) hastens. Cf. properat
ADVERB
«iam», already, now
«-que», conjunction, and; an enclitic (cf. §16) and always added to the second of two words to be connected, as «arma tēla´que», arms and weapons.
«100.» Of the various relations denoted by the ablative case (§50) there is none more important than that expressed in English by the preposition with. This little word is not so simple as it looks. It does not always convey the same meaning, nor is it always to be translated by «cum». This will become clear from the following sentences:
a. Mark is feeble with (for or because of) want of food b. Diana kills the beasts with (or by) her arrows c. Julia is with Sextus d. The men fight with great steadiness
a. In sentence a, with want (of food) gives the cause of Mark’s feebleness. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the «ablative of cause»:
«Mārcus est īnfīrmus inopiā cibī»
b. In sentence b, with (or by) her arrows tells «by means of what» Diana kills the beasts. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the «ablative of means»:
«Diāna sagittīs suīs ferās necat»
c. In sentence c we are told that Julia is not alone, but «in company with» Sextus. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative with the preposition «cum», and the construction is called the «ablative of accompaniment»:
«Iūlia est cum Sextō»
d. In sentence d we are told how the men fight. The idea is one of «manner». This is expressed in Latin by the ablative with «cum», unless there is a modifying adjective present, in which case «cum» may be omitted. This construction is called the «ablative of manner»:
«Virī (cum) cōnstantiā magnā pugnant»
«101.» You are now able to form four important rules for the ablative denoting with:
«102.» RULE. «Ablative of Cause.» Cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what?
«103.» RULE. «Ablative of Means.» Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? With what?
N.B. «Cum» must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or means.
«104.» RULE. «Ablative of Accompaniment.» Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with «cum». This answers the question With whom?
«105.» RULE. «Ablative of Manner.» The ablative with «cum» is used to denote the manner of an action. «Cum» may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? In what manner?
«106.» What uses of the ablative do you discover in the following passage, and what question does each answer?
The soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the gate with blows of their muskets. The inhabitants, terrified by the din, attempted to cross the river with their wives and children, but the stream was swollen with (or by) the rain. Because of this many were swept away by the waters and only a few, almost overcome with fatigue, with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther shore.
