Читать книгу Latin for Beginners - BENJAMIN L. D’OOGE - Страница 61

[Special Vocabulary]

NOUNS

«agrī cultūra, -ae», f., agriculture «Gallia, -ae», f., Gaul «domicilīum, domīci´lī», n., dwelling place (domicile), abode «Gallus, -i», m., a Gaul «lacrima, -ae», f., tear «fēmina, -ae», f., woman (female) «numerus, -ī», m., number (numeral)

ADJECTIVE

«mātūrus, -a, -um», ripe, mature

ADVERB

quō, whither

VERBS

arat, he (she, it) plows (arable) «dēsīderat», he (she, it) misses, longs for (desire), with acc.

CONJUNCTION

«an», or, introducing the second half of a double question, as Is he a Roman or a Gaul, «Estne Romanus an Gallus?»

«112.» A demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely, as this, that, these, those. Sometimes these words are pronouns, as, Do you hear these? and sometimes adjectives, as, Do you hear these men? In the former case they are called «demonstrative pronouns», in the latter «demonstrative adjectives».

«113.» Demonstratives are similarly used in Latin both as pronouns and as adjectives. The one used most is

«is», masculine; «ea», feminine; «id», neuter

SINGULAR: this, that; PLURAL: these, those

«114.» «Is» is declined as follows. Compare its declension with that of «alius», §109.

BASE «e-»

SINGULAR PLURAL

MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

Nom. is ea id eī eae ea (or iī) Gen. eius eius eius eōrum eārum eōrum Dat. eī eī eī eīs eīs eīs (or iīs iīs iīs) Acc. eum eam id eōs eās ea Abl. eō eā eō eīs eīs eīs (or iīs iīs iīs)

Note that the base «e-» changes to «i-» in a few cases. The genitive singular «eius» is pronounced eh´yus. In the plural the forms with two «i»’s are preferred and the two «i»’s are pronounced as one. Hence, pronounce «iī» as «ī» and «iīs» as «īs».

«115.» Besides being used as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives the Latin demonstratives are regularly used for the personal pronoun he, she, it. As a personal pronoun, then, «is» would have the following meanings:

SINGULAR

Nom. «is», he; «ea», she; «id», it Gen. «eius», of him or his; «eius», of her, her, or hers; «eius», of it or its Dat. «eī», to or for him; «eī», to or for her; «eī», to or for it Acc. «eum», him; «eam», her; «id», it Abl. «eō», with, from, etc., him; «eā», with, from, etc., her; «eō», with, from, etc., it

PLURAL

Nom. «eī» or «iī», «eae», «ea», they Gen. «eōrum», «eārum», «eōrum», of them, their Dat. «eīs» or «iīs», «eīs» or «iīs», «eīs» or «iīs», to or for them Acc. «eōs, eās, ea», them Abl. «eīs» or «iīs», «eīs» or «iīs», «eīs» or «iīs», with, from, etc., them

«116.» «Comparison between suus and is.» We learned above (§98.c) that «suus» is a reflexive possessive. When his, her (poss.), its, their, do not refer to the subject of the sentence, we express his, her, its by «eius», the genitive singular of «is», «ea», «id»; and their by the genitive plural, using «eōrum» to refer to a masculine or neuter antecedent noun and «eārum» to refer to a feminine one.