Читать книгу Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants - Bharat Singh - Страница 15

Achyranthes aspera L. and Achyranthes bidentata Blume (Family – Amaranthaceae) are used for treatment of amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumbago, gonalgia, paraplegia, edema, stranguria, headache, dizziness, odontalgia, oral ulcer, hematemesis, epistaxis, gynecological disorder, asthma, ophthalmia, odontalgia, and hemorrhoids (He et al. 2017). The A. aspera aerial parts and seeds were recommended for cure of dropsy, piles, and skin eruptions (Pal and Jain 1989) and whooping cough (Singh and Pandey 1980), as an anti-asthmatic (Singh and Pandey 1980). This is considered as diuretic, astringent, laxative, and purgative (Bhatnagar et al. 1973; Raj and Patel 1978; Khanna et al. 1994) and as an antidote to snake bite (Elvanayagum et al. 1995). This is applied on fractured bones (Singh and Ali 1989; Girach et al. 1992; Anis and Iqbal 1994) and used for treatment of respiratory troubles (Husain and Siddiqui 1987), asthma (Reddy et al. 1988), and leucoderma (Pal and Jain 1989), and inflorescence for cough (Sebastnia and Bhandari 1984). The leaves of this plant species are used in healing of wounds, injuries (Neogi et al. 1969), intermittent fever, dog bite, and typhoid (Sebastnia and Bhandari 1984). The roots are used for whooping cough, tonsillitis (Singh and Ali 1989), hemorrhage (Pal and Jain 1989), cough and hydrophobia, as an anti-asthmatic (Singh and Ali 1989), diuretic, diaphoretic, and antisyphilitic (Gupta et al. 2010).

27-Cyclohexylheptacosan-7-ol, 16-hydroxy-26-methylheptacosan-2-one, and 17-pentatriacontanol (Misra et al. 1992, 1993), β-sitosterol, α-spinasterol (Ali et al. 2004), 3-acetoxy-6-benzoyloxyapangamide (Aziz et al. 2005), betulinic acid and oleanolic acid, ursolic acid (Pai et al. 2014a,b), stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-β-ol, trans-13-docosenoic acid, n-hexacosanol undecanoate, n-hexacos-17-enoic acid and n-hexacos-11-enoic acid and a new aliphatic acid, n-hexacos-14-enoic acid (Sharma et al. 2009), dihydroxyketone (characterized as 36,47-dihydroxyhenpentacontan-4-one and tritriacontanol), 4-methylheptatriacont-1-en-10-ol and tetracontanol-2 (Misra et al. 1991, 1996), hexatriacontane, 10-octacosanone, 10-triacosanone and 4-triacontanone (Ali, 1993), betaine, betalain and achyranthine (Basu et al. 1957a,b; Basu 1957; Kapoor and Singh 1966; Bhom 1992), flavonoids and alkaloids (Sinha and Dogra 1985), oleanolic acid (Khastgir and Sengupta 1958; Gariballa et al. 1983), oleanolic acid-based saponins (Seshadri et al. 1981; Batta and Rangaswami 1973), saponin A and saponin B characterized as α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→3)-oleanolic acid and (1→28)-β-D-galactopyranosyl ester of saponin A (Hariharan and Rangaswami 1970), β-D-glucopyranosyl ester of α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→3)-oleanolic acid and β-D-glucopyranosyl ester of α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4) β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→3)-oleanolic acid, saponins (Gopalachari and Dhar 1952, 1958), sapogenin, alkaloids and saponins (Khastgir et al. 1958; Kapoor and Singh 1967; Somagari et al. 2014), β-D-glucopyranosyl 3β-[O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-D-glucopyranuronosyloxy] machaerinate and β-D-glucopyranosyl 3β-[O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-D-glucopyranuronosyloxy] machaerinate (Michl et al. 2000), ecdysterone (Ikan et al. 1971; Banerji et al. 1971; Banerji and Chadha 1970; Maurya 2017), cardiac glycosides (Arunkumar et al. 2010), bisdesmosidic saponins, 20-hydroxyecdysone, and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside were isolated and identified from different organs like leaves, shoots, roots, fruits, and seeds of A. aspera (Kunert et al. 2000; Tatke and Gabhe 1999; Kumar and Mishra 2017). The fatty acids, oleonic acid, bisdesmosidic and triterpenoid-based saponins, ecdysterone, n-hexacos-14-enoic, oleanolic acid, triacontanol, spinasterol, dihydroxy ketones, spathulenol, alkaloids, D-glucuronic acid, betaine, achyranthine (Srivastava 2014), oleanolic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, chikusetsusaponin V, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, bidentatoside I, polysaccharide ABW90-1, ABPB-3, ABP70-2, and achyranthosides A and B were isolated from the roots of A. bidentata (Marouf et al. 2001; Mitaine-Offer et al. 2001; Wang et al. 2015; Tan et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2018). Similarly, 3-O-[2′-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3′-O-(2″-hydroxy-1″-carboxyethoxycarboxypropyl)]-β-D-glucuropyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (achyranthoside I) and oleanolic acid 3-O-[3′-O-(2″-hydroxy-1″-carboxyethoxycarboxypropyl)] β-D-glucuropyranoside (achyranthoside II) were identified from A. bidentata (Guangshu et al. 2004). The chikusetsusaponins IVa and V, achyranthosides B, C, D, E, and G, sulfachyranthosides B and D, and betavulgarosides II and IV were identified by LC–MS determination from Achyranthes root (Kawahara et al. 2016). The structures of isolated compounds from A. bidentata was established by spectral data analysis as β-ecdysterone, (25R)-inokosterone, (25S)-inokosterone, zingibroside R1, and ginsenoside Ro (Jiang et al. 2017). Achyranthoside C, achyranthoside C 6′-methyl ester, achyranthoside C 1‴-methyl ester, achyranthoside C methyl ester, achyranthoside G, and achyranthoside H methyl ester were reported to be from the roots of Achyranthes fauriei (Ando et al. 2008; Fukumura et al. 2009).

The ethanolic extract and achyranthine from A. aspera showed antiarthritic (Aggarwal and Singh 2006; Neogi et al. 1969; Gokhale et al. 2002; Kothavade et al. 2015), cardiac stimulant (Gupta et al. 1972a), diuretic (Ram and Gupta 1970; Gupta et al. 1972b; Maurya et al. 2006), chemopreventive, antitumor (Jayakumar et al. 2009; Geetha et al. 2010; Subbarayan et al. 2010, 2012), and wound healing activities (Chakraborty et al. 2002; Mondal et al. 2016). The methanolic extract of powdered aerial parts of A. aspera, on oral administration, demonstrated hypoglycemic effects in normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits (Akhtar and Iqbal 1991; Malarvili and Gomathi 2009), anti-inflammatory (Iwalewa et al. 2007; Vetrichelvan and Jegadeesan 2003; Vijaya Kumar et al. 2009; Bhosale et al. 2012), antileprosy (Tripathi et al. 1963; Ojha et al. 1966; Ojha and Singh 1968), anti-obesity (Mangal and Sharma 2009), bronchoprotective activities (Charyulu 1982; Saad et al. 2002; Goyal and Mahajan 2007), and induced hyperlipidemia in male Wistar rats (Latha et al. 2011), and antimicrobial activity (Chakraborty et al. 2000; Suresh Kumar et al. 2003; Rahaman et al. 1996).

The ethanolic extract of A. bidentata was showed hepatoprotective (Dange and Phadke 1989), antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) model (Suresh Kumar et al. 2008; Edwin et al. 2008; Nehete et al. 2009; Upadhya et al. 2015), hemolytic activity (Sun 2006), and treatment of arthritis in traditional Chinese medicine and possesses anti-inflammatory properties (Xu et al. 2017). A. bidentata root extract treatment improves bone biomechanical quality and shows osteoprotective effects (He et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2017) and metastatic chemoprevention property (Jiang et al. 2017).