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Frames are the supporting structures that carry the print head and carriage arms. Supporting frames are made from metal sheets with acrylic covering provided with nuts and bolts. It supports all the other accessory components which influence the printer’s stability and durability (Horvath 2014b). Based on the type of configuration of the 3D printer, the carriage arms differ in design and movement. The printing movement of the delta configuration is illustrated in Figure 1.6. These arms are facilitated with a motion mechanism achieved by linear motion guideways incorporated with GT2 belts and pulley controls. Belts assists in the smooth motion of respective arms in X, Y, and Z directions. In the case of cartesian type printers, the assembly is equipped with threaded steel rods on which the nuts are mounted that assist movement upwards and downwards along Z‐axis (Huang 2018). The design of the print head varies with configuration type and it consists of a feeder system mounted with printing. The method of material dispensing also varies with the printing technologies and the description of which are explained in subsequent chapters.

Figure 1.6 Operation of delta type 3D printer. (a) Illustration of printing movements, (b), (c), and (d) pictorial views of printing movement following Pythagorean theorem.

Source: Derossi et al. (2019) / With permission of Elsevier.

Figure 1.7 Stepper motor and its controlling mechanism.

Source: From Derossi et al. (2019) / With permission of Elsevier.