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N. B.—Phonetic characters not entered in this list are to be pronounced as in Italian. Whenever it is essential to distinguish spelling from pronunciation, italic type is used for the former, Roman for the latter.

 · (under a vowel): close quality.

 ¸ (under a vowel): open quality.

 ¯ (over a vowel): long quantity.

 ̆ (over a vowel): short quantity.

 ̑ (under a letter): semivowel, not syllabic.

 ´ (over a letter): stress.

 ´ (after a consonant): palatal pronunciation.

 ✱ (before a word): conjectural, not found.

 ＞ (between words or letters): derivation, the source standing at the open end.

 +: followed by.

 ạ: French â in pâte.

 ą: French a in patte.

 β: bilabial v, as in Spanish.

 c: see k.

 c´: palatal k, as in English key.

 ð: English th in this.

 ẹ: French é in thé.

 ę: French ê in fête.

 g: English g in go.

 g´: palatal g, as in English geese.

 h: English h in hat.

 ị: French i in si.

 į: English ĭ in pit.

 k: English k in maker.

 k´: see c´.

 l´: palatal l, as in Italian figlio.

 n´: palatal n, as in Italian ogni.

 ŋ: English ng in sing.

 ọ: German ō, as in sohn.

 ǫ: German ŏ, as in sonne.

 r´: palatal r.

 š: English sh in ship.

 þ: English th in thin.

 ụ: German ū, as in gut.

 ų: German ŭ, as in butter.

 ü: French u in pur.

 w: English w in woo.

 χ: German ch in ach.

 y: English y in ye.

 z: English z in crazy.

 ž: French j in jour.

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