Читать книгу An Outline of the Phonology and Morphology of Old Provençal - C. H. Grandgent - Страница 8

(1) Latin ca and ga, either at the beginning of a word or after a consonant, became respectively tša and dža in the northern dialects[12], and remained unchanged in the southern: canto ＞ chan can, lŏnga ＞ lonia longa.

(2) Latin ct and gd became it and id in most of the north and in the southwest[12], tš and dž in most of the south and in the northwest[13]: factum ＞ fait fach, frig(i)da ＞ freida freia. Nct became int, nt, n´, ntš in different regions: sanctum ＞ saint sant sanh sanch. Cs (Latin x) had various local developments—is, itš, tš—somewhat similar to those of ct: exīre ＞ eissir eichir ichir.

(3) Latin d between vowels disappeared in some spots in the north and northeast[12], and became z nearly everywhere else: audīre ＞ auir auzir.

(4) Latin ll became l´ in some parts of the south[13], and usually l in other regions: bĕlla ＞ belha bela.

(5) Provençal final ns remains in the southeast and east, and is elsewhere generally reduced to s: bŏnus ＞ bons bos. Provençal final n also falls in a large region, but its history is more intricate; the poets use indifferently forms with and without n: bĕne ＞ ben be.

12. Several Latin consonants, when combined with a following ḙ or i̭, give results that are widely different in various localities, but the geographical distribution of the respective forms is complicated and not always clear: pŏdium ＞ puech poi; basiare ＞ baisar basar baiiar baiar; bassiare ＞ baissar baichar bachar; potiōnem ＞ poizon pozon poio. The same thing may be said of intervocalic y (Latin j): major ＞ mager maier. Also of intervocalic c, sc, g, ŋg, followed by e or i: placēre ＞ plazer plaizer plager, nascere ＞ naisser nasser naicher nacher, lēgem ＞ lei leg, ŭngere ＞ onher onger.

13. In the development of unstressed vowels there are very numerous local variations, which will be discussed later. Even among accented vowels there are some divergences:—

(1) Provençal ą, ę, ǫ before nasals become ạ, ẹ, ọ in some dialects, especially in those belonging to or bordering on the Limousin group: canem ＞ cąn cạn, vĕnit ＞ vęn vẹn, bŏnum ＞ bǫn bọn. The poets nearly always use the forms with close vowels.

(2) The breaking of ę, ǫ, under certain conditions, into diphthongs is not common to the whole territory, and the resulting forms show local differences: mĕum ＞ męu mięu, fŏcum ＞ fǫc fuǫc fuęc füc. Breaking is least common in the southwest.