Читать книгу The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics - Carol A. Chapelle - Страница 133

Well‐developed orthographic knowledge affords rapid and effortless access to a word's meaning. A good reader recognizes many words instantly and holistically. She is adept at analyzing the graphic form of an unfamiliar word, such as letters and letter clusters, to retrieve the meaning through its phonological and morphological information (e.g., Shankweiler & Liberman, 1972; Hogaboam & Perfetti, 1978; Ehri, 1998, 2014; Share, 2008). Seidenberg and McClelland (1989) define orthographic knowledge as “an elaborate matrix of correlations among letter patterns, phonemes, syllables, and morphemes” (p. 525), contending that the interletter associative network for a particular word evolves gradually through cumulative experience of decoding and encoding words during reading. The more frequently a particular pattern of letter sequences is experienced, the stronger the associations that hold them together. Familiar words are recognized effortlessly because all of the orthographic elements are well connected and represented as a whole in memory (Seidenberg & McClelland, 1989; Adams, 1990; Ehri, 1998, 2014). As Ehri (2014) puts it, “orthographic knowledge becomes a powerful mnemonic device that bond the spellings, pronunciations, and meanings of specific words in memory” (p. 5).