Читать книгу The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics - Carol A. Chapelle - Страница 135

As the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words, morphemes represent both rule‐based grammatical information and item‐specific lexical information. As the child advances to higher grades, morphological analysis becomes increasingly central to word recognition, vocabulary acquisition, and text comprehension. Morphological awareness, sensitivity to the abstract structure of words, enables the child to analyze a word into its morphological constituents. Such sensitivity emerges early in spoken language development through recurrent experiences of mapping particular grammatical functions, such as plurality and tense, onto specific sounds in speech. Morphological awareness plays a significant role, particularly in later stages of reading development (Nunes & Bryant, 2006; Frost, 2012; Ehri, 2014), wherein the child learns a large number of new words. According to Nagy and Anderson (1984), roughly 60% of the new words are structurally transparent multimorphemic words, such as “fire‐fight‐er” and “un‐lady‐like.” As evident in these examples, the ability to decompose morphologically complex words makes it possible for the child to infer the meaning of an unfamiliar word based on knowledge of the component morphemes, which, in turn, contributes to incidental word learning through reading.