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Meaningful reliability prediction must consider the environment in which the product is used. There are several commonly used approaches to identifying the environment. One approach involves the use of industry/military specifications such as MIL‐STD‐810, MIL‐HDBK‐310, SAE J1211, IPC‐SM‐785, Telcordia GR3108, and IEC 60721‐3. The advantages of this approach include the low/no cost of the standards, their comprehensive nature, and acceptance throughout the industry. If key information is missing from a given industry standard, simply consider standards from other industries. Disadvantages include the advanced age of the standards (some are more than 20 years old) and the lack of validation against current design usage. Depending upon the product and environment, the standards both overestimate and underestimate reliability by an unknown margin.

A second approach to identifying the field environment uses actual measurements of similar products in similar environments. This provides the ability to determine both average and realistic worst‐case scenarios. All failure‐inducing loads can be identified; and all environments, including manufacturing, transportation, storage, and field, can be included.

An example of where to implement key reliability tools and tests across the product design and development phases is shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Reliability tools across the design and development process.

Table 2.1 details common quality and reliability challenges in electronics along with recommended test and inspection methods.