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Relative clauses can be a useful structure for summarizing or referring to key information in a graphic. For example:

The graph shows the number of students from India who were given visas in 2010 was 58,000.

The table shows that the number of students who come from the USA is getting bigger.

In academic writing, relative clauses are often used for defining; in the case of data, they are used to describe or define exactly who or what you are referring to. Note that the relative pronoun (who, whose, which, that) will change depending on what you are defining. For people, use who, that or whose (possessive):

The graph shows people who are motivated by goals often have short-term satisfaction.

The graph shows that people that set realistic goals often enhance their performance.

The chart demonstrates that companies whose managers are not aware of employee motivation are less likely to be successful.

For most things or ideas, use that or which:

The table shows companies that use money as a means to motivate employees.

The table shows teams which use a sports psychologist to motivate teams.

For more information on describing graphics, see Chapters 8 and 9.

Exercise 15

Complete the table with words from the box.

As is shown graph 2.3 in It can be seen from

As can be seen	from 2 ________	Table 3.2, Figure 9.6 3 ________	… that …
It can be seen
1 ________	in
According to
4 ________

Exercise 16

Match 1–5 with a–e to form sentences including a relative clause.

1 The charts shows that students are more likely to borrow a book	a whose job is under threat are likely to be demotivated.
2 The table shows employees	b who have both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are more likely to succeed.
3 The chart shows people	c which students find more challenging.
4 The chart shows areas of study	d who receive praise outperform others.
5 The chart shows that workers	e that is recommended by a course tutor.

Tip

Try to record all new vocabulary in a similar way and regularly test yourself on the new words.