Читать книгу Student Engagement Techniques - Elizabeth F. Barkley - Страница 28

Brophy (2004) and Cross (2001) observe that much of what researchers have found can be organized within an expectancy × value model, which has much to offer our understanding of student motivation. This model holds that the effort that people are willing to expend on a task is the product of the degree to which they expect to be able to perform the task successfully (expectancy) and the degree to which they value the rewards as well as the opportunity to engage in the processes involved in performing the task itself (value). Effort is viewed as the product rather than the sum: it is assumed that people will expend no effort if either element (expectancy or value) is missing entirely. People will not willingly invest effort in tasks that they do not enjoy and that do not lead to something they value even if they know that they can perform the tasks successfully, nor do they willingly invest effort in even highly valued tasks if they believe that they cannot succeed no matter how hard they try.