Читать книгу Student Engagement Techniques - Elizabeth F. Barkley - Страница 37

The learning theory cognitivism grew out of the behaviorist tradition. Cognitivists believe that the “black box” of the mind can and should be opened, studied, and understood. They see learning as a relatively permanent change in a learner's mental representations. Thus, new information results in meaningful learning only when it connects with what already exists in the mind of the learner, resulting in change in the networks that represent our understandings. Cognitivists are interested in understanding the series of steps involved in the mind receiving, processing, and storing information, including how inputs initially managed in short-term memory are committed to long-term memory. For cognitivists, learning is content driven, and the process of learning is linear and sequenced. Cognitivists tend to believe that:

 Learning is a change to mental representations.

 Learning results from the encoding of information into memory in an organized manner for later retrieval.

 The teacher should try to enable students to move information from short-term to long-term memory.

 Scaffolding student learning is important.

 The teacher can help students learn by teaching them appropriate and effective mental strategies.

 The teacher should help students organize information in a meaningful way.

 It is important to understand the student's stage of development and to target instruction to that stage.

 The learner's role is to be prepared and to process information.