Читать книгу The New Environmental Economics - Eloi Laurent - Страница 8

1 Milton Friedman made this analogy clear: “Positive economics is, or can be, an ‘objective’ science, in precisely the same sense as any of the physical sciences,” Friedman (1953). 2 The “People’s Agreement of Cochabamba” or “Cochabamba Declaration,” agreed upon at the World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth on April 22, 2010 in Bolivia states: “It is imperative that we forge a new system that restores harmony with nature and among human beings” (see Chapter 4). 3 H.Res.109 – Recognizing the duty of the Federal Government to create a Green New Deal. 116th Congress (2019–2020). 4 Sustainable Equality – Report of the Independent Commission for Sustainable Equality, 2018. 5 Speech at the COP 24, December 15, 2018. 6 Agyeman, Bullard and Evans (2002) have first mentioned the idea of a nexus between “sustainability, environmental justice and equity.” 7 See for instance Laurent (2011 and 2018); Dasgupta and Ramanathan (2014); Motesharrei et al. (2014); and Gough (2017). 8 Boyce (1994). 9 To illustrate this point, consider the fact that while human population has increased by 87% between 1970 and 2010, the exposure of people to tropical cyclones increased by 192% in the same period (more than twice), most of them living in the poorest countries of the planet (source: UN). Typhoon Haiyan that hit the Philippines on November 8, 2013 caused the death of 6,000 people and the forced displacement of three and a half million others.10 It has been estimated by the Union of Concerned Scientists in 2017 that emissions from 90 fossil-fuel and cement industries, including Exxon Mobil, Chevron, Royal Dutch Shell, BP, Peabody Energy, ConocoPhillips, and Total, contributed nearly half of the increase in global average temperature, and 30% of the rise of the oceans between 1880 and 2010. See Ekwurzel, Boneham, Dalton et al. (2017).11 Report of the Brundtland Commission, “Our Common Future,” 1987.