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Different colloidal metal nanoparticles (Figure 1.1a) have been reported as having potential applications in diagnosis, drug delivery, and treatment of many diseases. However, among the colloidal metal nanoparticles, colloidal gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are recognized as suitable nanocarriers for biomedicine, i.e. for the intracellular and in vivo delivery of genes, drugs, and as contrast agents because of their easy synthesis, large surface area, and flexible surface chemistry (Lewinski et al. 2008; Jeong et al. 2019). Moreover, these nanoparticles can be easily modified by conjugating smart polymers in order to develop novel drug delivery systems that have the ability to release their payload in response to outside stimuli (Yavuz et al. 2009; An et al. 2010). Furthermore, due to the above‐mentioned novel properties and their high molar absorption coefficient, GNPs can be directly or indirectly used for the diagnosis and management of various diseases including photothermal agents in cancer photothermal therapy (Liang et al. 2014). In addition, there are other metal nanoparticles like silver, copper, etc., that were potentially used as novel antimicrobial agents due to their promising antimicrobial properties.

Figure 1.1 Schematic illustration of various inorganic nanomaterials.