Читать книгу Nanobiotechnology in Diagnosis, Drug Delivery and Treatment - Группа авторов - Страница 52

SeNPs not only counteract oxidative stress but also have hypoglycemic activity and hence can be used as hypoglycemic agents. Thus, both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can be treated with SeNPs by reducing the oxidative damage of macromolecules and increasing insulin sensitivity. The hypoglycemic effect of SeNPs in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (a model of type 1 diabetes) was investigated. In rats with diabetes, there was a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in fasting state after treatment with SeNPs was recorded when SeNPs were given orally for 28 days. The concentration of insulin in the serum of these animals was also found to be higher than in non‐treated rats. It confirmed that SeNPs were able to reduce hepatic cytolysis and renal dysfunction, total lipids, total cholesterols, triglyceride levels, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition, SeNPs reduced the intensity of morphological disorders in liver and kidney tissues of rats. Further, the obtained findings showed that SeNPs may reduce the manifestations of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in patients with diabetes, possibly causing an insulin‐like effect (Al‐Quraishy et al. 2015).

Liu et al. (2018) investigated the antidiabetic activity of SeNPs loaded with Catathelasma ventricosum polysaccharides in mice with diabetes induced by streptozotocin. These nanocomposites showed a potential antidiabetic efficacy which was established by studying the serum profiles of glucose levels and antioxidant enzymes. In addition, SeNPs had significantly higher antidiabetic activity than other drugs of organic and nonorganic selenium (Liu et al. 2018). This study was in accordance with the observation recorded by Zeng et al. (2018). The authors demonstrated that chitosan‐stabilized SeNPs at a selenium dose of 2.0 mg kg⁻¹ can achieve higher antidiabetic activity than other doses of SeNPs and other selenium drugs with the same dose of selenium.

It was proposed that the inclusion of SeNPs in liposomes was a highly effective form of treatment for streptozotocin‐induced experimental diabetes. Liposomal forms of SeNPs made it possible to preserve the integrity of β‐cells of the pancreas followed by an increase in insulin secretion and, thus, led to reduction of blood glucose levels, suppression of oxidative stress, increase of antioxidant defense system, and inhibiting of pancreatic inflammation (Ahmed et al. 2017). Selenium nanocomposites loaded with mulberry leaf and Pueraria lobata extracts showed a slow phytomedicines release and good physiological stability in the simulated digestive fluid. These nanocomposites exert pronounced hypoglycemic effects in both normal and diabetic rats after oral administration. Ex vivo intestinal visualization showed that the nanocomposite had good permeability into the intestinal wall and the ability of transepithelial transport. It was also found that the composite improved the function of the pancreas and promoted glucose utilization by adipocytes (Deng et al. 2019).

In recent years, SeNPs have commonly been used for the delivery of proteins and peptides. Proteins, being a kind of stabilizer, are often involved in the synthesis of SeNPs (Zhang et al. 2018). SeNPs was used for oral delivery of insulin. In this case insulin acts as a therapeutic agent and stabilizer of SeNPs and acquires the ability to avoid degradation by digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. The composite had intestinal permeability, and after oral administration it exerts significant hypoglycemic effect in both normal rats and rats with type 2 diabetes. The relative pharmacological bioavailability was up to 9.15% compared to subcutaneously injected insulin (Deng et al. 2017). SeNPs loaded with pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide resulted in increased insulin secretion and sustained hypoglycemic effect with an injection dose of 20 nmol l⁻¹ in mice with type 2 diabetes. Repeated administration for 12 weeks significantly improved glucose and lipids profile, insulin sensitivity, and histomorphology of pancreatic and adipose tissues (Zhao et al. 2017b). Therefore, diabetes treatment can be one of the potential applications for the use of selenium nanocomposites.