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1. David Streitfeld, “Amazon Hits $1,000,000.00 in Value, Following Apple,” New York Times, September 4, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/09/04/technology/amazon-stock-price-1-trillion-value.html. Accessed October 15, 2019.

2. Mary Hanbury, “Amazon Overtakes Google and Apple to Become the World’s Most Valuable Brand,” Business Insider, June 11, 2019, www.businessinsider.com/amazon-overtakes-google-apple-worlds-most-valuable-brand-2019-6. Accessed January 14, 2020. See also, Paul La Monica, “Amazon is Now the Most Valuable Company on the Planet,” CNN, January 8, 2019, www.cnn.com/2019/01/08/investing/amazon-most-valuable-company-microsoftgoogle-apple/index.html. Accessed December 20, 2019.

3. Lauren Feiner, “Amazon Stock Hits A New All-Time High As It Sees Unprecedented Demand,” CNBC.com, April 14, www.cnbc.com/2020/04/14/amazon-stock-hits-a-new-all-time-high.html?__source=sharebar|twitter&par=sharebar. Accessed April 20, 2020.

4. Isobel Asher Hamilton, “Jeff Bezos is Wealthier by $24 billion in 2020, as Amazon Reports at least 74 COVID-19 Cases and its First Death,” Business Insider, April 15, www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-net-worth-jumps-23-billion-during-coronavirus-crisis-2020-4. Accessed April 20, 2020.

5. Global Justice Now, “69 of the Richest 100 Entities on the Planet are Corporations, Not Governments, Figures Show,” Global Justice Now, October 17, 2018, www.globaljustice.org.uk/news/2018/oct/17/69-richest-100-entities-planet-are-corporations-not-governments-figures-show. Accessed December 20, 2019.

6. Howmuch.net. 2019, “Who is More Powerful-Countries or Companies?” https://howmuch.net/articles/putting-companies-power-into-perspective. Accessed April 15, 2020.

7. Jamie Peck and Nik Theodor, “Variegated Capitalism,” Progress in Human Geography 31(6) (2007): 731–772.

8. Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human at the New Frontier of Power (New York: Hachette Book Group, 2019).

9. Matt Day and Jackie Gu, “The Enormous Numbers Behind Amazon’s Market Research,” Bloomberg, March 27, 2019, www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019-amazon-reach-across-markets/. Accessed October 15, 2019.

10. Ibid.

11. Daniel Flaming and Patrick Burns, Too Big To Govern: Public Balance Sheet for the World’s Largest Store. Los Angeles: Economic Roundtable, 2019. Available at: https://economicrt.org/publication/too-big-to-govern/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

12. Shannon Liao, “Amazon Admits Defeat Against Chinese E-commerce Rivals like Alibaba and JD.com,” The Verge, April 18, 2019, www.theverge.com/2019/4/18/18485578/amazon-china-marketplace-alibaba-jd-e-commerce-compete. Accessed April 20, 2020.

13. Caixia Liu and Jinhwan Hong, “Strategies and Service Innovations of Haitao Business in the Chinese Market: A Comparative Case Study of Amazon.cn vs Gmarket.co.kr,” Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(1) (2016): 101–121.

14. Adam Rogers, “Amazon Leads Market, Loses Cloud Shares,” Market Realist, September 8, 2019, https://articles2.marketrealist.com/2019/09/amazon-leads-market-loses-cloud-shares/. Accessed October 16, 2019.

15. Jeb Su, “Amazon Owns ½ of World’s Public Cloud Infrastructure Market Worth Over $32 Billion,” Forbes, August 2, 2019, www.forbes.com/sites/jeanbaptiste/2019/08/02/amazon-owns-nearly-half-of-the-public-cloud-infrastructure-market-worth-over-32-billion-report/#6dafdd7829e0. Accessed April 20, 2020.

16. Rachel Siegel and Joanna Slater, “International Pushback Disrupts Amazon’s Momentum to Expand Its Empire Worldwide,” Washington Post, May 10, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/international-pushback-disrupts-amazons-momentum-to-expand-its-empire-worldwide/2019/05/10/76bd5d26-6507-11e9-82ba-fcfeff232e8f_story.html. Accessed April 20, 2020.

17. Natalie Berg and Miya Knights, Amazon: How the World’s Most Relentless Retailer will Continue to Revolutionize Commerce (London: Kogan, 2019).

18. Victoria Pavlova, “The Amazon Effect: How Amazon Is Disrupting European E-commerce,” Forbes, February 9, 2019, www.forbes.com/sites/victoriapavlova/2019/02/09/the-amazon-effect-how-amazon-is-disrupting-european-e-commerce/#19ceb60c5e7b. Accessed April 20, 2020.

19. Berg and Knights, Amazon.

20. Ibid.

21. Jane A Peterson, “A Showdown Brews between Amazon and Alibaba, Far from Home,” New York Times, October 22, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/business/alibaba-amazon-southeast-asia-lazada.html. Accessed April 20, 2020.

22. Karen Weise, “Amazon Gives Up on Chinese Domestic Shopping Business,” New York Times, April 18, 2019. www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/technology/amazon-china.html. Accessed April 20, 2020.

23. Jörn Boewe and Johannes Schulten. “The Long Struggle of the Amazon Employees (second edition).” Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, December 10, 2019, www.rosalux.eu/en/article/1557.the-long-struggle-of-the-amazon-employees.html. Accessed April 20, 2020.

24. Ibid.

25. Stacy Mitchell, “Amazon Doesn’t Just Want to Dominate the Market, It Wants to Become the Market,” The Nation, February 15, 2018, www.thenation.com/article/amazon-doesnt-just-want-to-dominate-the-market-it-wants-to-become-the-market/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

26. Saritha Rai, “Amazon Opens Its Largest Campus Yet,” Bloomberg, August 21, 2019, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-21/amazon-opens-india-campus-its-largest-in-the-world

27. Matt Day and Eric Roston, “Amazon’s Emission Bigger Than Some Rivals, Trails Walmart,” Bloomberg, September 20, 2019, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-20/amazon-s-emissions-bigger-than-some-rivals-trail-walmart. Accessed April 20, 2020.

28. Day and Gu, “The Enormous Numbers Behind Amazon’s Market Research.”

29. Olivia LaVecchia and Stacy Mitchell, “Amazon’s Stranglehold: How the Company’s Tightening Grip Is Stifling Competition, Eroding Jobs, and Threatening Communities,” Institute for Local Self Reliance (ILSR), 2016, https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ILSR_AmazonReport_final.pdf. Accessed April 20, 2020.

30. Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, p. 1.

31. See Dana Williams’ Chapter 2 in this volume.

32. Julia Angwin and Surya Matta, “Amazon Says It Puts Customers First. But Its Pricing Algorithm Doesn’t,” Propublica, September 20, 2016, www.propublica.org/article/amazon-says-it-puts-customers-first-but-its-pricing-algorithm-doesnt. Accessed April 20, 2020.

33. Beth Gutelis and Nik Theodore, “The Future of Warehouse Work: Technological Change in the U.S. Logistics Industry,” UC Berkeley Labor Center and Working Partnerships USA, 2019, http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/pdf/2019/Future-of-Warehouse-Work.pdf. Accessed April 20, 2020.

34. Alfred Ng, “Ring Let Police View Map of Video Doorbell Installations for Over a Year,” CNET, December 3, 2019, www.cnet.com/news/ring-gave-police-a-street-level-view-of-where-video-doorbells-were-for-over-a-year/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

35. Drew Harwell, “Amazon Met With ICE-officials Over Facial Recognition System That Could Identify Immigrants,” Washington Post, October 23, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/10/23/amazon-met-with-ice-officials-over-facial-recognition-system-that-could-identify-immigrants/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

36. Reid Wilson, “Amazon Dumps $1 Million Into Seattle Elections,” The Hill, October 16, 2019, https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/466213-amazon-dumps-1-million-into-seattle-elections. Accessed April 20, 2020.

37. Charles Duhigg, “Is Amazon Unstoppable?” The New Yorker, October 10, 2019, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/10/21/is-amazon-unstoppable. Accessed April 20, 2020.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid.

40. Robinson Meyer, “The Unbelievable Power of Amazon’s Cloud,” The Atlantic, April 23, 2015, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/04/the-unbelievable-power-of-amazon-web-services/391281/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

41. Alex Hern, “Amazon Web Services: The Secret to the Online Retailer’s Future Success,” The Guardian, February 2, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/02/amazon-web-services-the-secret-to-the-online-retailers-future-success. Accessed April 20, 2020.

42. Ibid.

43. Duhigg, “Is Amazon Unstoppable?”

44. Ron Shevlin, “Amazon’s Impending Invasion of Banking,” Forbes, July 8, 2019, www.forbes.com/sites/ronshevlin/2019/07/08/amazon-invasion/#708760847921. Accessed April 20, 2020.

45. Kevin Wack, “How Amazon is Shaking Up Financial Services,” American Banker, March 18, 2018, www.americanbanker.com/slideshow/how-amazon-is-shaking-up-financial-services. Accessed April 20, 2020.

46. Jay Greene, “No Smoke Without Fire: After Amazon’s Smartphone Failure, It Looks For A Way Back Into Mobile,” Washington Post, June 7, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/06/07/is-amazon-looking-get-back-into-mobile-phone-business/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

47. Day and Gu, “The Enormous Numbers Behind Amazon’s Market Research.”

48. LaVecchia and Mitchell, “Amazon’s Stranglehold.”

49. Ibid.

50. Rani Molla, “For the Wealthiest Americans, Amazon Prime has Become the Norm,” Vox, June 8, 2017, www.vox.com/2017/6/8/15759354/amazon-prime-low-income-discount-piper-jaffray-demographics. Accessed April 20, 2020.

51. Jason DelRey, “What Amazon Prime’s 100-Million Milestone Doesn’t Show: The Battle to Keep Growing in the U.S.,” Vox Recode, April 19, 2018, www.vox.com/2018/4/19/17256410/amazon-prime-100-million-members-us-penetration-low-income-households-jeff-bezos. Accessed April 20, 2020.

52. Doreen McCallister, “Amazon Lowers Prime Membership Rate for Low Income Customers,” NPR, June 7, 2017. www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/07/531856069/amazon-lowers-prime-membership-rate-for-low-income-customers. Accessed April 20, 2020.

53. Stacy Mitchell, “Amazon Doesn’t Just Want to Dominate the Market.”

54. Stacy Mitchell and Shaoul Sussman, “How Amazon Rigs Its Shopping Algorithm,” Pro-market: The blog of the Stigler Center at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, November 6, 2019, https://promarket.org/how-amazon-rigs-its-shopping-algorithm/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

55. Mitchell, “Amazon Doesn’t Just Want to Dominate the Market.”

56. Ibid.

57. Julia Angwin and Surya Matta, “Amazon Says It Puts Customers First. But Its Pricing Algorithm Doesn’t,” Propublica, September 20, 2016, www.propublica.org/article/amazon-says-it-puts-customers-first-but-its-pricing-algorithm-doesnt. Accessed April 20, 2020.

58. Mitchell, “Amazon Doesn’t Just Want to Dominate the Market.”

59. LaVecchia and Mitchell, “Amazon’s Stranglehold.”

60. See Kim Moody’s Chapter 1 and see Jake Alimahomed-Wilson’s Chapter 4 in this volume.

61. See Jake Alimahomed-Wilson’s Chapter 4 in this volume.

62. Matt Leonard, “These 4 Charts Explain Amazon’s Fulfillment Speed,” Supply Chain Dive, November 25, 2019, www.supplychaindive.com/news/4-charts-that-explain-amazons-fulfilment-speed/568016/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

63. Amrita Khalid, “Amazon is Struggling to Hold On to the Pilots Who Ship Your Packages,” Quartz, December 7, 2019, https://qz.com/1763226/amazon-air-is-struggling-to-hold-on-to-into-pilots/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

64. See Spencer Cox’s Chapter 14 in this volume.

65. Mary Gray and Siddarth Suri, Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. (Boston, MA: Eamon Dolan Books, 2019).

66. Joel Ross, Lilly Irani, M. Silberman, Andrew Zaldivar, and Bill Tomlinson. “Who are the Crowdworkers?: Shifting Demographics in Mechanical Turk.” In alt CHI 10 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, 2010. pp.2863–2872. DOI: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1753846.1753873.

67. Bernard Marr, “Machine Learning In Practice: How Does Amazon’s Alexa Really Work?” Forbes, October 5, 2018, www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/10/05/how-does-amazons-alexa-really-work/#6cdb8c8c1937

68. Ali Modarres, “Amazon, Apple, Google and the Late Capitalism Blues,” New Geography, January 11, 2019, www.newgeography.com/content/006191-amazon-google-apple-and-late-capitalism-blues

69. Sudheer Chava, Alexander Oettl, Manpreet Singh, and Linghang Zeng, “The Dark Side of Technological Progress? Impact of Ecommerce on Employees at Brick-and-mortar Retailers,” Georgia Tech Scheller College of Business Research Paper, 2018, pp. 18–23. 29th Annual Conference on Financial Economics & Accounting. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3197326. Accessed April 20, 2020.

70. Kim Moody, On New Terrain: How Capital is Reshaping the Battleground of Class War. (Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, 2017).

71. Beth Gutelius and Nik Theodore, “The Future of Warehouse Work: Technological Change in the U.S. Logistics Industry,” UC Berkeley Labor Center, 2019, http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/future-of-warehouse-work/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

72. Some workers might earn more if they work overtime while others might earn less if employed part-time or only part of the year.

73. Daniel Flaming and Patrick Burns. Too Big To Govern: Public Balance Sheet for the World’s Largest Store. Los Angeles: Economic Roundtable, 2019. Available at: https://economicrt.org/publication/too-big-to-govern/; This is consistent with larger patterns in warehouse employment (see Jason Struna, 2015, “Handling Globalization: Labor, Capital, and Class in the Globalized Warehouse and Distribution Center, “ Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Riverside. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3c35641d#main).

74. Will Evans, “Behind the Smiles: Amazon’s Internal Injury Records Expose the True Toll of its Relentless Drive for Speed,” Reveal: The Center for Investigative Reporting, November 25, 2019, www.revealnews.org/article/behind-the-smiles/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

75. See Chapters 4, 7, 8, 13, and 15 in this volume.

76. See DCH1 Amazonian United’s Chapter 17 in this volume.

77. Gutelius and Theodore, “The Future of Warehouse Work.”

78. Brian Heater, “Amazon Says It Has Deployed More Than 200,000 Robotic Drives Globally,” TechCrunch, June 5 2019. https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/05/amazon-says-it-has-deployed-more-than-200000-robotic-drives-globally/. Accessed April 20, 2020.

79. Will Evans, “Behind the Smiles: Amazon’s Internal Injury Records Expose the True Toll of its Relentless Drive For Speed,” Reveal: The Center for Investigative Reporting, 25 November 2019, www.revealnews.org/article/behind-the-smiles/

80. Gutelius and Theodore, “The Future of Warehouse Work.”

81. Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism.

82. Richard L. Brandt, One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com (London: Portfolio, 2012).

83. Greg Jameson, Amazon’s Dirty Little Secrets: How to Use the Power of Others to Market and Sell for You (New York: Morgan James Publishing, 2014).

84. Robert Spector, Amazon.com: Get Big Fast (New York: Harper Business, 2002); Nick Statt “Amazon Warehouse Workers are Striking Across Europe on Prime Day.” The Verge, July 16, 2018, www.theverge.com/2018/7/16/17577348/amazon-warehouse-worker-strike-europe-prime-day.

85. Brad Stone, The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon (Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 2013). www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-10-18/amazon-battles-walmart-in-indian-e-commerce-market-it-created. Accessed April 20, 2020.

86. Transnational Social Strike Platform, “Strike the Giant! Transnational Organization Against Amazon,” TSS Journal, 2019, www.transnational-strike.info/2019/11/29/pdf-strike-the-giant-transnational-organization-against-amazon-tss-journal/?fbclid=IwAR2g9ALU7LIhcAw-I9qUITcslN4NqGCmz1ChjSNlniMglCTXNA7XkfDxrzc. Accessed April 20, 2020.

87. Athena, 2019. Athena Coalition, https://athenaforall.org/#s2.