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Initial Awareness or Diagnosis

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Another type of nonnormative stressor for parents may result from acute situations involving the initial awareness or diagnosis of unexpected circumstances and deviant or abnormal child characteristics. Examples include initial awareness of delinquency, conduct disorders, attention deficit behavior, autism, physical illness, poor mental health, and birth defects (Ambert, 1997; Ben-Sasson, Soto, Martínez-Pedraza, & Carter 2013, Hennon & Peterson, 2007; Lambek et al., 2014; Ryan et al., 2007; Vernhet et al., 2019). The initial diagnosis that Pamela has autism, for example, was defined by Tiffany as an acute stressor that disrupted her life and the lives of her family members. Likewise, parents have greater tendencies to experience acute stress or crisis when their son phones home from jail stating that he has been arrested for shoplifting. When parents are initially confronted with their child’s delinquency or externalizing behavior, they often experience distress, worry, and feelings of great concern (Ambert, 1997, 1999; Caldwell, Horne, Davidson, & Quinn, 2007; Gavazzi, 2011; Mackler et al., 2015).

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