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 Bacteria can be visualized on a uterine cytology sample but often require 1,000× (10× eye piece and 100× oil immersion objective) magnification to differentiate them from debris. The presence of bacteria engulfed within WBCs can help determine if the bacteria are due to infectious endometritis or contamination.

 The four most common bacterial pathogens of the equine uterus are Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

 Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus are Gram‐positive cocci approximately 1.0 μm in diameter that form chains of various length (Figure 17.7).

  Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa are Gram‐negative rods varying in size from 3 to 6 μm in length and cannot be differentiated accurately based on cytologic evaluation (Figure 17.8).