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When analyzing the organization of perception processes, many phenomena can be explained with the help of Gestalt psychology, which emphasizes the important role of the relationship between the whole part and the discrete elements. When viewing the patterns presented in Figure 1.3.3–1.3.5, one can observe the tendency of combining the elements of the pattern into different, mostly closed, rounded shapes [Abbasov, 2016]. Various options for combining elements arise spontaneously, spontaneously compete with each other, transform into other combinations.

According to the law of clarity of structure, our perception identifies, first of all, the most distinct geometric structures. According to the law of addition to a structural whole, clear, but not complete structures are always supplemented to a clear geometric whole. However, the described gestalt processes may depend on certain cultural conditions of the formation of a person. In some cultures, an open circle can be perceived as a “bracelet,” and an open triangle as an “amulet.” Consider the main gestalt factors determining the characteristics of grouping objects.

Figure 1.3.3 Chaotic pattern.

Figure 1.3.4 Gestalt perception of the figure.

Figure 1.3.5 Pattern based on clear patterns.

Proximity factor. According to this proximity factor, objects can be grouped according to their location in space (or time), depending on the distance between them. In Figure 1.3.6 the trees are grouped in pairs.

Similarity factor. Grouping on the basis of the similarity factor is presented in Figure 1.3.7. It seems to us that the same type of asterisks form vertical lines. The grouping factor based on proximity and similarity also operates the process of sound perception. Sounds following one after another in time can be perceived as a melody.

Figure 1.3.6 Proximity factor grouping.

Figure 1.3.7 Similarity factor grouping.

The factor of the same type of communication. Under the grouping on the basis of the same type of communication understand the perception of a single structure, formed by physically interconnected elements. As an example of such a perception, Figure 1.3.8 presents a set of asterisks connected in pairs with one-type lines.

Factor “good continuation”. Elements located along a single trajectory are perceived by us as a single whole along a single line. The “good continuation” factor is illustrated in Figure 1.3.9. Two intersecting curved lines are perceived as a curve going down (segment AB) and as a curve going up (segment CD). Although this figure can also be perceived as an image of sections of curves AD and CB.

Figure 1.3.8 Grouping on the principle of the same type of communication.

Figure 1.3.9 Grouping factor “good continuation”.

Factor “common fate”. According to the “common fate” factor, elements moving in one direction are perceptually combined into one group. Such grouping occurs on the basis of identity, but this principle can be applied to moving elements. For example, a flock of migratory birds in the form of a “wedge” are perceived as a group (Figure 1.3.10). This factor can also be attributed, “fascinating dance” – the synchronous movement of fish schools in the ocean or “waves” created by the movements of the hands of fans during a football match.

Symmetry factor. In accordance with the factor of symmetry, when perception, more natural, balanced, symmetrical figures become priorities [Prokopenko et al., 2006]. In Figure 1.3.11, a black central column is predominantly observed, and the profile outlines can also be recognized on a white background (profile of Julius Caesar).

Closure factor. When grouping elements according to the closure factor, preference is given to the variant that favors the perception of a more closed or completed figure (Figure 1.3.12, from above). Figure 1.3.12, on the left, presents an example of a gestalt grouping of elements – the constellation Ursa Major; it is formed on the basis of the factors of “good continuation” and closure. Although in reality the stars in the constellation Ursa Major are not related to each other, they are a random result of their perception from the Earth in this perspective. In Figure 1.3.12, on the right, one can recognize the figure of the jockey athlete during the jump [Abbasov, 2016].

Figure 1.3.10 “Wedge” migratory birds, the factor of “common destiny”.

Figure 1.3.11 Grouping by symmetry factor.

We can give one more example of the interaction of the factors “good continuation” and closure when grouping elements. On Figure 1.3.13 on the left we see a random set of fragments of indefinite form. However, if these fragments are superimposed with the contours of the silhouettes of cats (Figure 1.3.13, right), then you can see the cat figures in the background of several dogs. It should be noted that the process of our perception is based not only on the definition of spatial connections between the figures, but also on the results of previous perceptions of similar forms acquired by us.

Figure 1.3.12 Grouping factor closure.

Figure 1.3.13 “Cats and dogs”, the factors of “good continuation” and closure.

Figure 1.3.14 Triangle and circle configuration.

Law of pregnancy or the law of good form – by this is meant the preferential perception of the simplest, most stable form of all possible, on the basis of various factors of grouping. For example, identifying a closed figure is easier than opening. Presented in Figure 1.3.14, on the left, we perceive the configuration as a superimposed figure of a triangle and a circle. However, it can be perceived in a different way, as a combination of three different figures.