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Some tests measure the phenotype, or what can be seen in the animal. This may not directly relate to the genotype, or the genes regulating the defect that you are trying to manage. Ophthalmic screening for cataracts, auscultating for heart murmurs, hip and elbow radiographs, thyroid profiles, bile acid tests, eye examinations, urinalysis for crystals or metabolites, bladder stone analysis, skin biopsy for sebaceous adenitis, and observations on behavioral traits are all tests of the phenotype. Most tests of the phenotype only identify affected individuals from nonaffected individuals, and not carriers of disease liability genes (see 3.3 The Genetics of Disease).