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MAIN CONCEPTS 1.3.3 Premise of Pet‐Specific Care

All pets have risk factors pertaining to their specific circumstances. Pets have genetic risks associated with their genotypic predispositions to a variety of disorders [1]. In some cases, genetic testing is available. Like humans, pets can also have family histories in which there are breed predilections, even if genotypes cannot be identified (Table 1.3.1). The environment can also affect expression of traits, and certain environmental “shocks” can leave imprints on the genetic material in eggs and sperm, which can be passed on to future generations (so‐called epigenetics). Epigenetic marks can switch genes on or off, affecting disease risk, and they can be passed on to offspring [1].

Table 1.3.1 Some common breeds and a few of the conditions to which they are predisposed [1]

Breed	Breed predispositions
Labrador retriever	Centronuclear myopathy^a, cystinuria^a, degenerative myelopathy^a, elbow dysplasia, exercise‐induced collapse^a, hip dysplasia, nasal parakeratosis^a, osteochondrosis dissecans, progressive rod‐cone degeneration^a, skeletal dysplasia type 2^a, tricuspid valve dysplasia
German shepherd dog	Acral lick dermatitis, elbow dysplasia, degenerative myelopathy^a, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, hemophilia A^a, hip dysplasia, hyperuricosuria^a, masticatory myositis, perianal fistula^a, renal cystadenocarcinoma/nodular dermatofibrosis^a
Golden retriever	Atopy, elbow dysplasia, hemophilia A, hip dysplasia, hypothyroidism, ichthyosis^a, juvenile cellulitis, muscular dystrophy^a, patella luxation, progressive retinal atrophy (GR_PRA1 and GR_PRA2)^a, progressive rod‐cone degeneration^a, sensory ataxic neuropathy
English bulldog	Anasarca, brachycephalic syndrome, entropion, factor VII deficiency, fold dermatitis, hip dysplasia, hyperuricosuria^a, hypothyroidism, laryngeal paralysis, multifocal retinopathy (CMR1)^a, pulmonic stenosis, sacrocaudal dysgenesis, ventricular septal defect
Beagle	Cataracts, cryptorchidism, diabetes mellitus, factor VII deficiency^a, glaucoma (POAG)^a, hip dysplasia, juvenile polyarthritis, Musladin–Leuke syndrome^a, night blindness^a, patellar luxation, pulmonic stenosis, pyruvate kinase deficiency^a, retinal dysplasia
French bulldog	Atopic dermatitis, brachycephalic syndrome, cataracts^a, corneal ulcers, factor VIII deficiency^a, factor IX deficiency^a, histiocytic ulcerative colitis, necrotizing meningoencephalitis, hyperuricosuria^a, multifocal retinopathy^a, cone‐rod dystrophy I^a
Poodle	Cataracts, epilepsy, factor VIII deficiency, Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease, mucopolysaccharidosis^a, neonatal encephalopathy^a, organic aciduria, oxalate urolithiasis, progressive rod‐cone degeneration^a, sebaceous adenitis, von Willebrand disease^a
Rottweiler	Cervical vertebral instability, cruciate ligament rupture, fragmented coronoid process, gastric dilation/volvulus, leukodystrophy, membranous glomerulopathy, myotubular myopathy^a, patent ductus arteriosus, polyneuropathy and neuronal vacuolation^a, short tail^a
Yorkshire terrier	Atlantoaxial instability, cataracts, cryptorchidism, L2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria^a, lymphoproliferative disease, necrotizing meningoencephalitis, patellar luxation, patent ductus arteriosus, primary lens luxation^a, progressive rod‐cone degeneration^a
Boxer	Brachycephalic syndrome, cardiomyopathy^a, cystinuria, factor II deficiency, hyperadrenocorticism, neoplasia, progressive axonopathy, pulmonic stenosis, short tail^a, sphingomyelinosis, subaortic stenosis, ulcerative colitis

^a DNA testing is available.

Lifestyle also plays a role in determining risk for pets, including the part of the country in which they live, their exposure to other animals (boarding, grooming, social activities, etc.), the protection they are already being provided (e.g., parasite control, vaccination, etc.), and their role in the family – pets in close contact with family members need more rigorous preventive care (for parasite control, etc.) than animals without such contact. This is often best determined by risk assessment (see 1.2 Providing a Lifetime of Care).

Testing can also identify risk (see 4.7 Embracing Early Detection). In some cases, it is genetic testing as previously mentioned, but in many other cases we rely on phenotypic testing to identify risk. Thus, if we perform radiographs as part of routine patient screening and identify that a pet has hip dysplasia, we know this increases the risk that the pet will develop osteoarthritis later in life.

Armed with all this information, the veterinary team is in a much better position to determine pet‐specific care that is relevant to the pet and client and allows for earlier intervention, when the best clinical outcome is typically achievable (see 5.10 Discussing Pet‐Specific Care).

Pet-Specific Care for the Veterinary Team

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