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Оглавление1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 (a) The virtually fabricated p-MOSFET device structure (b) The output...Figure 1.2 TCAD Simulated (a) Ge p-FinFET device with fractionally SiGe filled s...Figure 1.3 The MOD-FinFET structure with dual source extensions [30].Figure 1.4 Comparisons of (a) Id-Vg (Transfer characteristics) and; (b) Id-Vd (O...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Schematic of double gate (a) hetero structure (b) homostructure tunne...Figure 2.2 Energy band-diagram (OFF-State and ON-State) for homo DG -TFET contai...Figure 2.3 Energy band-diagram (OFF-State and ON-State) for hetero structure DG ...Figure 2.4 Transfer characteristic of homo structure double gate TFET.Figure 2.5 Transfer characteristic of hetero structure double gate TFET.Figure 2.6 Comparision of ambipolar current vs. applied gate drive voltage (VGS)...Figure 2.7 Device transfer characteristics for double gate N- TFET hetero struct...Figure 2.8 Sensitivity of transconductance (gm) with applied gate voltage (VGS) ...Figure 2.9 3D - transconductance (gm), cut-frequency (fT) and applied gate drive...Figure 2.10 3D - transconductance (gm), cut-frequency (fT) and applied gate driv...Figure 2.11 The varibility of C-V characteristics with applied gate drive voltag...Figure 2.12 3D - transconductance (gm), GBW and applied gate drive voltage (VGS)...Figure 2.13 3D - transconductance (gm), GBW and applied gate drive voltage (VGS)...Figure 2.14 Transconductance efficiency, gm/IDS with applied gate voltage (VGS) ...Figure 2.15 Sensitivity of delay time with applied gate voltage (VGS) and compar...Figure 2.16 Sensitivity of power delay product (PDP) with applied gate voltage (...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 (a) The development of supercapacitors in different countries [Reprod...Figure 3.2 Schematic diagram of (a) an electrostatic capacitor, (b) an electric ...Figure 3.3 Strategies for improving the energy density of supercapacitors [Repro...Figure 3.4 Mechanism of ion transport in PEO [Reproduced with permission from Re...Figure 3.5 Types of additive based polymer electrolytes.Figure 3.6 (a) CV curves of the all-solid-state supercapacitor with B-GPE under ...Figure 3.7 Ragone plot of the SSC based on two GPEs (a) and the capacitance rete...Figure 3.8 (a) Cyclic voltammograms obtained at 50 mV/s, (b) Capacitance retenti...Figure 3.9 (a) Specific capacitance of Cell#1 and Cell#2 versus charge–discharge...Figure 3.10 (a) Comparison of charge–discharge curves at current for EDLC I, EDL...Figure 3.11 Ragone plots (gravimetric specific energy versus specific power) for...Figure 3.12 (a) CV curves at 10 mV s-1 and (b) GCD curves at 1mA cm-2 of NPG@PAN...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Tunable filter replacing filter bank [5] (a) Receiver system with mul...Figure 4.2 Layout of the hairpin bandpass filter.Figure 4.3 (a) S21 and (b) S11 of hairpin bandpass filter.Figure 4.4 Fractal DGS (Back/GND) portion of hairpin bandpass filter.Figure 4.5 Simulated return loss characteristics (a) S21 and (b) S11 of haripin ...Figure 4.6 Comparison of simulated response (a)S21 (b) S11 of bandpass filter wi...Figure 4.7 Testing/measurement of fabricated hairpin bandpass filter with fracta...Figure 4.8 Comparison of simulated and measured result (a) S21 and (b) S11 of ha...Figure 4.9 Hairpin bandpass filter with fractal DGS with varactor diodes.Figure 4.10 (a) S21 of tunable hairpin bandpass filter with fractal DGS (b) magn...Figure 4.11 (a) S11 of tunable hairpin bandpass filter with fractal DGS (b) magn...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 GaAs-based HEMTs crosssection view.Figure 5.2 The schematic view of InP-based HEMTs.Figure 5.3 The schematic view of GaN-based HEMTs.Figure 5.4 Demonstration of the standard GaN Wurtzite structure lattice: (a) N-f...Figure 5.5 AlGaN/GaN heterostructure energy band diagram, (a). Before contact, (...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 (a) Circuit for the experimental set-up, (b) Complete set-up for the ...Figure 6.2 Voltage-time plots for source, resistor and sample (a) before denatur...Figure 6.3 Demonstration of (a) checking non-linearity in vR − t plot, m1 and m2...Figure 6.4 Current-voltage characteristics showing the concept of hysteresis-lin...Figure 6.5 (a) Current-voltage characteristics for different concentrations of f...Figure 6.6 for different concentration of food (albumin and milk) in samples fit...Figure 6.7 Plots of vsupply − t, vR − t and vsample − t for (a) 103.30 mg/mL (al...Figure 6.8 Sm for different concentration of food (albumin and milk) in samples ...Figure 6.9 Voltage-time plots of source, resistor and sample in protein blend (C...Figure 6.10 ‘Hysteresis-lines’ drawn on Lissajous plots of current and voltage f...Figure 6.11 Sensitivity versus concentrations of protein blend (Category II) alo...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Block Diagram of 1T-DRAM (MOS) [11].Figure 7.2 (a) DRAM with a sense amplifier.Figure 7.2 (b) Read ‘0’ operation.Figure 7.2 (c) Read ‘1’ Operation.Figure 7.2 (d) Write ‘1’ Operation.Figure 7.2 (e) Write ‘0’ Operation.Figure 7.3 CNT structure with chiral vectors.Figure 7.4 1T-DRAM memory cell with CNT-FET.Figure 7.5 Symbol for P-type 4-Terminal FinFET.Figure 7.6 Symbol for N-type 4-Terminal FinFET.Figure 7.7 (a) Block Diagram of 1T-DRAM (FinFET) with the sense amplifier.Figure 7.7 (b) Read ‘0’ operation.Figure 7.7 (c) Read ‘1’ operation.Figure 7.7 (d) Write ‘1’ operation.Figure 7.7 (e) Write ‘0’ operation.Figure 7.8 (a) Symbol for p-type TFET.Figure 7.8 (b) Symbol for n-type TFET.Figure 7.9 (a) Structure of 1T-DRAM (TFET) with the sense amplifier.Figure 7.9 (b) Read ‘0’ operation.Figure 7.9 (c) Read ‘1’ operation.Figure 7.9 (d) Write ‘1’ operation.Figure 7.9 (e) Write ‘0’ operation.
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Light wave analogy to show reflected and transmitted beams from a sam...Figure 8.2 PNA Network Analyzer with 85070E dielectric probe kit.Figure 8.3 Dielectric properties measurement techniques used for the agriculture...Figure 8.4 Frequency dependence of the (a) dielectric constant (ε') and (b) diel...Figure 8.5 Variation of (a) dielectric constant (ε') and (b) dielectric loss fac...Figure 8.6 Moisture variation of (a) dielectric constant (ε') and (b) dielectric...Figure 8.7 Correlation between dielectric properties and physical/chemical prope...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 The first solar cell battery.Figure 9.2 Time Line for Solar cell (Ref.: Solarium.in).Figure 9.3 Constructional details of Solar cell.Figure 9.4 Construction of Solar cell with metal rings.Figure 9.5 Silicon wafers.Figure 9.6 Polycrystalline material with grain-like structure.Figure 9.7 Process employed for making multicrystalline cells.Figure 9.8 Solar cell connection in series.Figure 9.9Figure 9.10 Parallel connection of cells.Figure 9.11 Current voltage characteristics for series connection.Figure 9.12 Series parallel arrangement of solar cells.Figure 9.13 Current and voltage characteristics for parallel connection.Figure 9.14 Solar panel connections.Figure 9.15 PN Junction solar cell with resistive load.
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 (a) Schematic of a typical CIGS thin film solar cell device structur...Figure 10.2 (a) The block diagram of the experimental set-up for the solar cell ...Figure 10.3 The dark J-V characteristics of CIGS/CdS hetero-junction having diff...Figure 10.4 The dark J-V characteristics of CIGS/CdS heterojunction heat soaked ...Figure 10.5 Light J-V characteristics of CIGS solar cell with Ag grid. Some of t...Figure 10.6 The dark J-V characteristics of CIGS/CdS structure having a various ...Figure 10.7 The light J-V characteristics of CIGS/CdS structure having a differe...Figure 10.8 The dark and J-V characteristics of CIGS/CdS/i-ZnO structure having ...Figure 10.9 (a) Dark and (b) Light J-V characteristics of CIGS complete solar ce...Figure 10.10 The dark J-V of CIGS/CdS/i-ZnO structure having different thickness...Figure 10.11 The J-V characteristics, (a) in dark and, (b) in light of CIGS sola...Figure 10.12 Spectral response of CIGS solar cell having different thicknesses o...Figure 10.13 The dark J-V of CIGS/CdS/i-ZnO structure having different thickness...Figure 10.14 (a) Dark, (b) light J-V characteristics of CIGS solar cell device h...Figure 10.15 Spectral response of CIGS solar cell having different thicknesses o...Figure 10.16 The photograph of a complete CIGS solar cell with the measurement p...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 SD model of PV cell [19].Figure 11.2 DD model of PV cell [19].Figure 11.3 Comparison of the P-V and I-V curves for SDM (Solar World Pro).Figure 11.4 Comparison of PV and IV characteristics for AS-6P30 SDM.Figure 11.5 Comparison of PV and IV characteristics for SW280 SDM.Figure 11.6 Comparison of PV and IV characteristics for Nemy JB270M-60 SDM.Figure 11.7 PV and IV characteristics for Solar World Pro DDM.Figure 11.8 PV and IV comparison characteristics for AS-6P30 DDM.Figure 11.9 P-V and I-V curves comparison for Solar World Plus DDM.Figure 11.10 Comparison of the PV and IV characteristics for Nemy JB270M-60 DDM.
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Solar power technologies.Figure 12.2 Examples of stand-alone PV system.Figure 12.3 Examples of grid connected PV system.Figure 12.4 Examples of concentrates solar power.Figure 12.5 Solar water heater.Figure 12.6 Passive solar design.Figure 12.7 A conceptual schematic of solar microgrid system.Figure 12.8 Components of solar PV systems.Figure 12.9 Types of batteries involved in PV system.Figure 12.10 Types of sensors used IoT.Figure 12.11 Controllers and communication devices used in IoT.Figure 12.12 Block diagram of remotely monitoring system.Figure 12.13 Monitoring of PV system using IoT.
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Circuit diagram of hybrid source architecture based on synchronous b...Figure 13.2 Desired load voltage and current waveform of synchronous step-up con...Figure 13.3 Circuit diagram of hybrid source architecture based on SI-DISO step-...Figure 13.4 Voltage output and current waveform of SI-DSO step up chopper.Figure 13.5 Circuit diagram of hybrid source architecture with multi-input step-...Figure 13.6 Circuit of multi-input step-up chopper in state-1.Figure 13.7 State-2 circuit of multi-input step-up chopper.Figure 13.8 State-3 circuit of multi-input step-up chopper.Figure 13.9 Generated PWM signals for power switch in multi-input boost converte...Figure 13.10 Load voltage and current waveforms of multi-input step-up chopper.Figure 13.11 One-diode model of solar cell.Figure 13.12 PV equivalent circuit in MATLAB/SIMULINK.Figure 13.13 V-I Characteristics of PV.Figure 13.14 Generated gating pulses for power switch in chopper circuit with PV...Figure 13.15 Output voltage and current waveform of PV interfaced multi-input st...Figure 13.16 Switching pattern for the front-end rectifier.Figure 13.17 Output voltage waveform of front-end rectifier.Figure 13.18 Hardware setup of hybrid source architecture with multi-input step-...
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Flow diagram of proposed hybrid methods.Figure 14.2 Selected graphical plots of the test functions.
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 SILAR technique for the preparation of nanostructured CdS thin films...Figure 15.2 Variation of CdS thin film thickness with SILAR cycles.Figure 15.3 XRD pattern of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, RP7 and RP8 CdS thin fi...Figure 15.4 Raman spectra of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, RP7 and RP8 CdS thin ...Figure 15.5 SEM photographs of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, RP7 and RP8 CdS thi...Figure 15.6 The variation of (αhν)2 against hν of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, ...Figure 15.7 Images of water contact angle of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, RP7 a...
16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Classification of solar cell.Figure 16.2 Solar PV system.Figure 16.3 Incident light on a typical pn solar cell.Figure 16.4 Single diode diagram of PV cell and practical PV equivalent circuit.Figure 16.5 IV characteristics of ideal PV cell.Figure 16.6 PV characteristics of PV practical cell.Figure 16.7 Series configuration.Figure 16.8 Parallel configuration.Figure 16.9 Series parallel configuration.Figure 16.10 Bridge linked configuration.Figure 16.11 Honeycomb (HC) type configuration.Figure 16.12 On-grid system.Figure 16.13 On Grid System with Battery Backup.Figure 16.14 Off-grid System.
17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Single-diode model.Figure 17.2 Double-diode model.Figure 17.3 Three-diode model.Figure 17.4 Different phases of Harris hawks’ optimization (HHO) [23].Figure 17.5 Convergence curve for an SD model (Kyocera KC200GT).Figure 17.6 Convergence curve for an SD model (Solarex MSX-60).Figure 17.7 Convergence curve for an SD model (Canadian Solar CS6K-280M).Figure 17.8 Convergence curve for a DD model (Kyocera KC200GT).Figure 17.9 Convergence curve for a DD model (Solarex MSX-60).Figure 17.10 Convergence curve for a DD model (Canadian Solar CS6K-280M).Figure 17.11 Convergence curve for a TD model (Kyocera KC200GT).Figure 17.12 Convergence curve for a TD model (Solarex MSX-60).Figure 17.13 Convergence curve for a TD model (Canadian Solar CS6K-280M).
18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Durant plant as boundary.Figure 18.2 Duranta golden plant.Figure 18.3 Wi-Fi analyzer.Figure 18.4 Signal strength variation at 3.45 meter.Figure 18.5 Signal strength variation at 10.0 meter.
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Design structure of 25 layers MQWs based heterojunction solar cell.Figure 19.2 Structure of GaSb/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.3 Simulated GaSb/GaAs band diagram.Figure 19.4 Doping profile of GaSb/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.5 I-V curve of GaSb/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.6 Structure of InGaP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.7 Simulated InGaP/GaAs band diagram.Figure 19.8 Doping profile of InGaP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.9 I-V Curve of InGaP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.10 Structure of InP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.11 Simulated InP/GaAs band diagram.Figure 19.12 Doping profile of InP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.13 I-V curve of InP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.14 Structure of AlGaAs/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.15 Simulated AlGaAs/GaAs band diagram.Figure 19.16 Doping Profile of AlGaAs/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.17 I-V curve of AlGaAs/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.18 Effect of varying thickness of AlGaAs/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.19 Effect of varying doping concentration for 5nm layer thickness.Figure 19.20 Effect of varying doping concentration for 10nm layer thickness.Figure 19.21 Varying Cathode Current with Anode Voltage (a) Complete (b) Magnifi...Figure 19.22 (a) Isc for different heterojunction based solar cells (b) Voc for ...Figure 19.23 (a) Fill factor for different solar cells (b) Efficiency for differ...
20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Features affecting dust settlement on the PV panel surface [8].Figure 20.2 Various types of cleaning systems [37].Figure 20.3 Self-mechanical cleaning method [45].Figure 20.4 Electrodynamic screens diagram [35].Figure 20.5 Drone-based autonomous dust cleaning system [52].Figure 20.6 Water droplets on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface [57].
21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Block diagram of the proposed system.Figure 21.2 Depiction of sunlight-based board.Figure 21.3 Depiction of lead corrosive battery.
22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Typical representation of a thin film solar cell architecture (a) su...Figure 22.2 Maximum theoretical efficiency obtainable for TFSC absorbers with di...Figure 22.3 Crystal structure of Kesterite CZTS (Cu2ZnSnS4) (orange: Cu, blue: S...Figure 22.4 The schematic of the CZTS thin film solar cell.Figure 22.5 UV-test results, left shows clear side and right shows the foggy sid...Figure 22.6 Vacuum coating system used to fabricate thin film solar cell.Figure 22.7 (a) Molybdenum target and (b) substrate holder.Figure 22.8 Photograph of RF sputtering of window layer.Figure 22.9 Photograph of Cr and Ag deposition chamber.Figure 22.10 Finger type grid used to deposit of Cr/Ag contact.Figure 22.11 Fabricated CZTS solar cells (a) without scribing and, (b) with mech...Figure 22.12 Typical I-V characteristic of solar cell.Figure 22.13 I-V characteristics of 1D CZTS solar cell.Figure 22.14 I-V characteristics of 1D4S CZTS solar cell.Figure 22.15 I-V characteristics of 1D5S CZTS solar cell under dark (dotted line...Figure 22.16 The comparative Quantum Efficiency (QE) of CZTS solar cells.
23 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Structure of solar cell.Figure 23.2 Equivalent circuit of two-diode structure.Figure 23.3 Flow chart for gravitational search algorithm.Figure 23.4 I-V Plot of DDM.
24 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Global cumulative installed SPV capacity.Figure 24.2 Schematic representation of MPPT scheme.Figure 24.3 Equivalent electrical circuit of a solar cell.Figure 24.4 Characteristic curves at variable insolation and constant temperatur...Figure 24.5 Characteristic curves at variable temperature and constant insolatio...Figure 24.6 P-V characteristic curve.Figure 24.7 Flowchart of P&O MPPT scheme.Figure 24.8 Performance analysis of (a) proposed P&O (b) classical P&O [10].Figure 24.9 Performance of presented scheme (a) power (b) voltage [11].Figure 24.10 Comparative performance of presented algorithm with (a) conventiona...Figure 24.11 (a) Solar insolation pattern (b) SPV power of P&O ...Figure 24.12 (a) Insolation & temperature variation (b) duty ratio variation (c)...Figure 24.13 Flowchart of IC MPPT scheme.Figure 24.14 (a) Power at variable solar insolation and constant temperature (b)...Figure 24.15 (a) Power at variable solar insolation and constant temperature (b)...Figure 24.16 SPV voltage, current, and power employing IC MPPT scheme [16].Figure 24.17 SPV Power, current, and voltage profile of the proposed MPPT scheme...Figure 24.18 Performance of proposed MPPT scheme under various insolation levels...Figure 24.19 Proposed MPPT scheme under (a) fix R and ramp insolation variation ...Figure 24.20 Proposed MPPT scheme under (a) fix insolation at 1000 W/m2 and ramp...Figure 24.21 Flowchart of the FL-based MPPT scheme.Figure 24.22 Performance analysis of proposed MPPT scheme (a) power (b) voltage ...Figure 24.23 Comparative analysis of proposed MPPT scheme in terms of (a) power ...Figure 24.24 Schematic representation of battery charger employing FL-based MPPT...Figure 24.25 SPV power output employing FL-based MPPT [22].Figure 24.26 Schematic representation of battery charger employing FL-DPID based...Figure 24.27 Structure of FL-DPID MPPT [23].Figure 24.28 Comparative analysis of FL-DPID, P&O, and IC MPPT schemes [23].Figure 24.29 SPV power of the proposed MPPT scheme at (a) insolation 1000 W/m2 a...Figure 24.30 Comparative SPV power analysis of proposed MPPT scheme [25].Figure 24.31 SPV power of various MPPT scheme at (a) constant solar insolation (...Figure 24.32 SPV parameters of the proposed MPPT scheme (a) power (b) voltage [2...
25 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Multilevel inverter with alternative sources.Figure 25.2 15-level inverter with two structures [19].Figure 25.3 Output voltage waveform of 15-level inverter.Figure 25.4 Harmonic content of 15-level inverter.Figure 25.5 Simple structured inverter [20].Figure 25.6 Connection of four simple structured inverter with half bridge [20].Figure 25.7 Voltage waveform of 27-level inverter.Figure 25.8 Prototype of four structured symmetric inverter [20].Figure 25.9 Output voltage waveform of 27-level inverter fed to impedance load.Figure 25.10 Presence of harmonics in 27-level inverter fed to impedance load.Figure 25.11 31-level asymmetric inverter [21].Figure 25.12 Asymmetric output voltage of resistance load.Figure 25.13 Presence of harmonic level in asymmetric output voltage of resistan...Figure 25.14 Presence of harmonic level in asymmetric output voltage of impedanc...Figure 25.15 Inverter design with three packed cell [22].Figure 25.16 Existence of harmonics at restive load in the three packed cell inv...Figure 25.17 Existence of harmonics at restive load in the three packed cell inv...
26 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 (a) P – ɷ and (b) Q-V droop methods.Figure 26.2 General topology of the proposed DC-micro-grid connection by (a) PV ...Figure 26.3 The I-V and P-V characteristics of the applied PV-array.Figure 26.4 The PV cell equivalent circuit in a PV array.Figure 26.5 Proposed topology.Figure 26.6 (a) The selected converter, and the state of the converter when the ...Figure 26.7 Droop in DC micro-grid for two DC-DC converter units.Figure 26.8 Conventional droop controller, (a) load current and (b) load voltage...Figure 26.9 Proposed droop controller.Figure 26.10 Proposed algorithm for power DSM.Figure 26.11 The voltage droop for the high power applications (R1 = R2 = R3 = 1...Figure 26.12 The voltage droop for the high power applications (R1 = 50 Ω and R2...Figure 26.13 The voltage droop for the medium power applications (R1 = 50 Ω and ...Figure 26.14 The transmitted power values by (a) first, (b) second and (c) third...Figure 26.15 The transmitted power values by (a) first, (b) second and (c) third...Figure 26.16 The transmitted power values by (a) first, (b) second and (c) third...Figure 26.17 The transmitted power values by (a) first, (b) second and (c) third...Figure 26.18 The transmitted power values by (a) first, (b) second and (c) third...Figure 26.19 The transmitted power values by (a) first, (b) second and (c) third...Figure 26.20 Efficiency comparison for the selected and cascaded converters.Figure 26.21 Implemented hardware.Figure 26.22 Experimental results. Output current with (a) one and (b) two loads...Figure 26.23 Efficiency comparison for the selected converter in simulation and ...
27 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Schematic diagram of small-scale stand-alone HRES.Figure 27.2 Energy management system.Figure 27.3 Hardware implementation of small-scale stand-alone HRES.Figure 27.4 Renewable input variations.Figure 27.5 DC bus voltage.Figure 27.6 Power at sources and load.Figure 27.7 Renewable input variations.Figure 27.8 DC bus voltage.Figure 27.9 Power at sources and load.Figure 27.10 Block diagram of grid-connected HRES system.Figure 27.11 Schematic diagram of grid-connected HRES.Figure 27.12 Solar irradiance and wind speed levels.Figure 27.13 DC bus voltage.Figure 27.14 HRES feeder voltage.Figure 27.15 FFT analysis at feeder 1.Figure 27.16 FFT analysis at feeder 2.Figure 27.17 FFT analysis at feeder 1.Figure 27.18 FFT analysis at feeder 2.
28 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Diagrammatic representation of battery.Figure 28.2 Comparison of batteries based on energy density.Figure 28.3 Schematic view of air cooling BTM system.Figure 28.4 Schematic view of passive liquid cooling BTM system.Figure 28.5 Schematic view of active liquid cooling BTM system.Figure 28.6 Schematic view of refrigerant cooling BTM system.Figure 28.7 Battery modules with PCM matrix.Figure 28.8 PCM temperature variation curve.Figure 28.9 Heat pipe battery management systems.Figure 28.10 Schematic view of thermoelectric cooling BTM system.
