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There is no single CORRECT method to perform a necropsy, but consistency is important. If a cadaver is opened in the same way for each necropsy, one is more likely to recognize/discriminate abnormalities of any sort (e.g. size, position, color). Even in the case where the animal's disease appears to be limited to, for example, the respiratory system, the author recommends that the animal's body be opened in the same way so that both body cavities are examined visually. Respiratory distress can arise from abnormalities in organs not present within the thoracic cavity. In addition, concurrent diseases, if present, can be very important to disease progression. The most common example of this seen in shelters is immunosuppression caused by viral diseases like canine distemper virus, which can predispose a dog to a “secondary” infection such as bacterial pneumonia, or parvovirus (panleukopenia) in a dog or cat, which can predispose the infected animal to other enteric pathogens.

Table 5.2 Necropsy kit.

1) Camera

2) Notebook or Pathology Form

3) Protective clothingGloves (latex, nitrile, or rubber)BootsMask (to cover mouth and nose)Eyewear or goggles

4) InstrumentsSharp knife (and/or scalpel)Knife sharpenerScissorsForcepsSmall shearsRuler

5) Collection gearSpecimen container (plastic) with a tight‐fitting lid for fixed samples (plastic tubs, Rubbermaid, specimen cups, Tupperware type)10% buffered formalin (for fixed specimens/histology)Plastic bags with closure (whirl‐pack, zip‐lock) for unfixed samples (fresh or frozen)Tags (to identify specimens)Collection vials (can be used for urine, blood, joint fluid, etc.)

6) Transport/shipping containersIce packsHeavy‐duty bags, or leak‐proof containersPacking material (preferably absorptive)

7) Cleaning and disinfecting materials

Step by step instructions on how to perform a necropsy are available from several books and web‐based sources. Five sources are listed below. While not all these protocols specifically use dogs and cats as models, the general approach to a necropsy is similar in all domestic species. The 5th listed resource by Severidt, for example, although specifically addressing cattle, has an excellent section on sample handling and submission.