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The following tissues should be preserved in 10% buffered formalin at a ratio of 1 part tissue to 10 parts formalin. Tissues should be no thicker than 1 cm.

1 Liver – sections from each lobe, including gall bladder

2 Kidney – sections should extend from cortex to medulla and be collected from each kidney (see Figure 5.5)

3 Stomach – sections from fundus (body) and pylorusFigure 5.5 Sections to be submitted for histological analysis need to be thin enough to properly fix in formalin. In this example, the (a) kidney has been cut along a (b) mid‐sagittal plane. (c) A properly cut section for fixation in 10% buffered formalin is pictured.

4 Gastrointestinal (GI) TractOral/pharyngeal mucosa and tonsil – plus any areas with erosions or ulcerationsTongue – cross section near tip including both mucosal surfaces Segmental (up to 5 cm long) sections of:EsophagusSmall intestines – duodenum, jejunum, ileumLarge intestines – cecum, colon

5 Spleen

6 Pancreas

7 Adrenal gland

8 Heart – longitudinal sections including atrium, ventricle and valves from both left and right sides

9 Lung – regional samples including cranioventral, caudodorsal, and hilar with major bronchus included

10 Lymph nodes – possibilities include iliac, mesenteric, hilar, mandibular, retropharyngeal

11 Thymus (if young animal)

Other possible tissue sections to consider (case dependent):

1 Skin – any affected regions

2 Brain – if there are neurologic signs, the entire brain should be submitted, cut longitudinally along the midline

3 Reproductive tract – entire uterus and ovaries with longitudinal cuts into the lumen of uterine horns, or both testes (transversely cut) with epididymis

4 Salivary gland

5 Trachea

6 Nasal turbinates

7 Thyroid/parathyroids – leave intact

8 Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra‐ cross‐section of the bladder and 2 cm sections of ureter and urethra

9 Eye – intact

10 Spinal cord (if neurologic disease)‐ sections from cervical, thoracic and lumbar cord

11 Skeletal muscle – diaphragm, cross‐section of thigh muscles

12 Bone marrow – Opened rib or longitudinally sectioned ½ femur; marrow must be exposed for proper fixation